Mechanics

of
Deformable
Bodies
Mechanics is a branch of the
physical sciences that is concerned
with the
state of rest or motion of bodies
subjected to the action of forces.
 Engineering
Mechanics

Mechanics
Statics of
Dynamics Materials
 Statics
Study of External Effects
Dynamics on Rigid Bodies

Mechanics Study of Internal Effects

of and Deformations that
Materials are caused by the
applied loads.
Three fundamental areas of engineering are statics,
dynamics and deformable bodies. Statics is concerned with
the equilibrium of a body that is
either at rest or moves with constant velocity. Here we will
consider dynamics, which deals with the accelerated motion
of a body. In Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, what is being
dealt is the relation between externally applied loads and
their internal effects on bodies. Here, bodies are no longer
assumed rigid. No matter how small the deformation is, it is
of major interests.
Different Names:

Mechanics
of Materials

Strength Mechanics
of Mechanics of
Materials of Solids Deformable
Bodies
All branches of Engineering deal
with physical systems, the
components parts of which are to
be assigned definite physical sizes,
fabricated from some materials.
In mechanical design, the engineer must
consider both dimension and material
properties to satisfy requirements of
strength and rigidity. When loaded, a
machine part or structure should
neither break, nor deform excessively.
Building Structure
The difference between rigid-body mechanics
and strength of materials can be simply
demonstrated by considering the lever arm
shown below.
P
W

O
a b
A moment summation about point O can be used to find
the maximum weight W that can be lifted by force P
(statics, principle of equilibrium). In strength of materials,
however, we have to determine if the lever arm will
neither brake nor be so flexible that it bends without
lifting the load.
∑ 𝑴𝒐=¿𝑶¿
𝑾 ( 𝒃 )=𝑷 ( 𝒂 )
𝑷 (𝒂)
𝑾=
𝒃
Analysis of Internal Forces:

Consider a body of arbitrary shape

acted upon by the forces shown in
figure.
Analysis of internal forces
In statics, we would start by determining the
resultant of the applied forces to determine whether
or not the body remains at rest. If the resultant is
zero, we have static equilibrium – a condition
generally prevailing in structures. If the resultant is
not zero, we may apply inertia forces to bring about
dynamic equilibrium.
Analysis of internal forces
In deformable bodies, we make an additional
investigation of the internal distribution of the
forces. This is done by passing an exploratory section
a-a through the body and exposing the internal
forces acting on the exploratory section that are
necessary to maintain the equilibrium of either
segment.
Analysis of internal forces
In general, the internal F1

force reduce to a force Y

and a couple that, for Mxy

convenience, are F2
Pxy
Pxx Mxx
resolved into Pxz
X

components that are Mxz

Z

normal and tangent to

the section, as shown in
figure.
Each component reflects a different effect of the
applied loads on the member and is given a special
name, as follows:
𝑷 𝒙𝒙 Axial force

This component measures the pulling (or pushing)

action perpendicular to the section. A pull represents
a tensile force that tends to elongate the member,
whereas a push is a compressive force that tends to
shorten it. It is often denoted by P.
Each component reflects a different effect of the
applied loads on the member and is given a special
name, as follows:
𝑷 𝒙𝒚 , 𝑷 𝒙 𝒛 , Shear forces

These are components of the total resistance to

sliding the portion to one side of the exploratory
section past the other. The resultant shear force is
usually designated by V, and its components by to
identify their directions.
Each component reflects a different effect of the
applied loads on the member and is given a special
name, as follows:
𝑴 𝒙𝒙 Torque

This component measures the resistance to twisting

the member and is commonly given the symbol T.
Each component reflects a different effect of the
applied loads on the member and is given a special
name, as follows:
𝑴 𝒙𝒚 , 𝑴 𝒙 𝒛 Bending Moments

These components measure the resistance to bending

the member about the y or z axes and are often
denoted merely by or
 Evidently, the internal effect of a given loading
depends on the selection and orientation of the
exploratory section. If the loading acts in one
plane, say the XY plane, as is frequently the case,
the six (6) components in the previous figure
reduce to three (3); the axial force Pxx (or P), the
shear force Pxy (or V) and the bending moment M xz
(or M). These components are equivalent to the
single resultant R.
(a) Normal and shear components on arbitrary section a - a
F1 a

normal component P

F2
shear component V

(b) When exploratory section b - b is perpendicular to resultant R of applied loads, only normal forces are
produced. F1
a

F2

b
From the figure shown, the cross-sectional areas of the two wires are for wire
AB and for wire AC. (a) Compute the largest weight that can be supported by
wire AC if the stress is not to exceed 100 Mpa. (b) Compute the largest weight
that can be supported by wire AB if the stress is not exceed 150 Mpa.
(c)Determine the largest safe weight.

𝑩 𝑪
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑪
Largest weight that can be
𝑨
𝑨 𝟑𝟎 𝒐
𝟒𝟓 𝒐 supported by wire AC if the
𝟑𝟎 𝒐 𝟒𝟓
𝒐
𝟑𝟎 𝒐
stress is not to exceed 100 Mpa.
𝟔𝟎 𝒐
𝒚 𝑾
𝒙
W
From the figure shown, the cross-sectional areas of the two wires are for wire AB and for
wire AC. (a) Compute the largest weight that can be supported by wire AC if the stress is not
to exceed 100 Mpa. (b) Compute the largest weight that can be supported by wire AB if the
stress is not exceed 150 Mpa. (c)Determine the largest safe weight.
𝒚
𝑩 𝑪 (a) Consider the FBD of joint A with x-
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑪
axis through AB as shown.
𝒐 𝑨 𝒐
𝑨 𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟓 𝒙
𝟑𝟎 𝒐
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0
𝒐
𝟒𝟓 𝟑𝟎
𝒐

𝒐
𝟔𝟎
𝑾 𝐴𝐶 cos 45 − 𝐴𝐵 cos 30=0

W
𝐴𝐶 sin 45+ 𝐴𝐵 sin 30=𝑊
∑ 𝐹 𝑦 =0 0.707 𝐴𝐶=0.866 𝐴𝐵
𝟎 . 𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝑨𝑪= 𝑨𝑩

0.707 𝐴𝐶 +0.5 𝐴𝐵=𝑊

1.115 𝐴𝐶=𝑊
0.707 𝐴𝐶 +0.5 ( 0.816 𝐴𝐶 )=𝑊
𝟏 . 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝑨𝑪=𝑾
From the figure shown, the cross-sectional areas of the two wires are for wire AB and for
wire AC. (a) Compute the largest weight that can be supported by wire AC if the stress is not
to exceed 100 Mpa. (b) Compute the largest weight that can be supported by wire AB if the
stress is not exceed 150 Mpa. (c)Determine the largest safe weight.
𝒚
𝑩 𝑪 (b) Largest weight that can be
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑪 supported by wire AB if the stress is
𝒐 𝑨 𝒐 not to exceed 150 Mpa.
𝒐 𝑨 𝒐
𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟓 𝒙
𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟓 𝟑𝟎
𝒐

𝟔𝟎 𝒐
𝑾

W
From the figure shown, the cross-sectional areas of the two wires are for wire AB and for
wire AC. (a) Compute the largest weight that can be supported by wire AC if the stress is not
to exceed 100 Mpa. (b) Compute the largest weight that can be supported by wire AB if the
stress is not exceed 150 Mpa. (c)Determine the largest safe weight.
𝒚
𝑩 𝑪
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑪
𝒐 𝑨 𝒐
𝒐 𝑨 𝒐
𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟓 𝒙
𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟓 𝟑𝟎
𝒐

𝒐
(c) Largest safe weight.
𝟔𝟎
𝑾

W
For the truss shown, the cross-sectional area of each number is 12000
. (a) Compute the stress in member DF. (b) Compute the stress in
member CE. (c) Compute the stress in member BD. B
a) Consider FBD of whole truss.

D
6m

4m
F
A
Consider FBD of joint F 4m C 3m E 3m
DF
4
5 100 kN 200 kN
3 F RF
EF
For the truss shown, the cross-sectional area of each number is 12000
. (a) Compute the stress in member DF. (b) Compute the stress in
member CE. (c) Compute the stress in member BD.
BD
B
BD
Pass the cutting plane a – a through members BD, CD, and CE and consider 2
the FBD of right segment. 3
D
6m

For stresses:
4m
CE F
Resolve BD into its component at B C 3m E 3m

200 kN
RF
For the truss shown, the cross-sectional area of each number is 12000
. (a) Compute the stress in member DF. (b) Compute the stress in
member CE. (c) Compute the stress in member BD.
BD
B
BD
b) For CE: For BD: 2
3
D
6m

4m
CE F
C 3m E 3m

200 kN
RF
Determine the resultant internal normal force acting on the cross section
through point A in each column. In (a), segment BC weighs and segment CD
weighs . In (b), the column has a mass of .

( 𝒂)
+↑ ∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
𝐹 𝑎 −1.0 − 3 −3 −1.8 − 5=0

𝐹 𝑎=13.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

( 𝒃)+↑ ∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
𝐹 𝑎 − 4.5 − 4.5 −5.89 −6 −6 − 8=0

𝐹 𝑎=34.9 𝑘𝑁
A force of 80 N is supported by the bracket as shown. Determine the resultant
internal loadings acting on the section through point A.
Determine the resultant internal loadings in the beam at cross sections through
points D and E. Point E is just to the right of the 3-kip load.
Determine the resultant internal loadings in the beam at cross sections through
points D and E. Point E is just to the right of the 3-kip load.
Determine the resultant internal loadings in the beam at cross sections through
points D and E. Point E is just to the right of the 3-kip load.
Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at a section through
point C. Take P = 8 kN.
Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at a section through
point C. Take P = 8 kN.
The cable will fail when subjected to a tension of 2 kN. Determine the largest
vertical load P the frame will support and calculate the internal normal force,
shear force, and moment at the cross section through point C for this loading.
The cable will fail when subjected to a tension of 2 kN. Determine the largest
vertical load P the frame will support and calculate the internal normal force,
shear force, and moment at the cross section through point C for this loading.
Determine the resultant internal loadings on the cross section through point C.
Assume the reactions at the supports A and B are vertical.
Determine the resultant internal loadings on the cross section through point C.
Assume the reactions at the supports A and B are vertical.