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5 Utilitarianism
5 Utilitarianism
5 Utilitarianism
Chapter 5
A Consequentialist Morality
It has a primary consideration on effects rather than the motives.
No action can be considered as good or bad; apart from the outcome or end.
CONSEQUENTIAL EXPECTED
• There is nothing that we can say in PRODUCTION
• Actions are morally significant if it
terms of the moral worth of the act produces what is expected from
that is not dependent to its them – act is a mere instrument to
consequences. achieve something.
• Actions itself does not have any
moral value.
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Goodness is equated with pleasure of
sensual nature.
The Principle of Utility
1. INTENSITY 2. DURATION
• The more the pleasure, the better. • The longer the pleasure lasts, the
• One is morally bound to do an act better.
that offers a stronger degree of • One is morally obliged to do the act
happiness. if it provides a longer experience of
pleasure.
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Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
3. CERTAINTY 4. PROPINQUITY
• The more certain the pleasure, the • The nearer or more frequent
better. pleasure occurs, the better.
• One should pursue an action • One should do an act which brings
where pleasure is expected. about immediate pleasure.
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Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
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The importance of utility is that it
appeals to people’s common sense.
Quantity vs. Quality
⮚ “Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or
almost all who have experience of both give a
decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of
moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more
desirable pleasure.(Mill, 2007, 7)
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Act and Rule Utilitarianism
Moral action in both act and rule utilitarianism is an act which results to
maximum utility.
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Every action should be geared towards
something that could be beneficial.
Critical Assessment of Utilitarian Ethics
Strengths of Utilitarianism
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Strengths of
Utilitarianism
1. It is able to transcend the narrow view of morality. It has
altruistic attitude.
2. Has an empirical anchor [pleasure].
3. Provides an absolute principle for an individual to use in
each situation.
4. Qualitative and Quantitative view escapes the simplistic
view.
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Strengths of
Utilitarianism
5. The Hedonic Calculus leads
us to determine our course of
action.
6. Leads us to be mindful of our
actions.
7. It is a simple theory that could
be used by anyone.
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Strengths of
Utilitarianism
8. “It allows for a great deal of flexibility and sensitivity to the
particular circumstances surrounding an action,” since its
focus is not on the action but on the effect.
9. Has wide-ranging application.
10. It is a philosophy that considers one’s well-being of equal
value with anyone else.
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Critical Assessment of Utilitarian Ethics
Weakness of Utilitarianism
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Weakness of
Utilitarianism
1. The difficulty of knowing the exact consequence of our
action.
2. Is it justified to do an act because many would obtain
satisfaction from it?
3. It is impractical since we don’t have the time to calculate the
pleasure and pain in an act.
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Weakness of
Utilitarianism
4. The principle of the greatest
good for the greatest number
does not give justice to the
right of the minority.
5. It ignores motive [simplistic
reductionism].
6. Rejects all moral duties.
7. Can easily lead to
subjectivism and chaos. 18
Weakness of
Utilitarianism
8. What is pleasurable for one may not be pleasurable for
another.
9. It is a “heartless” ethical philosophy – no motive, no love.
10. “All of man’s actions are purposive” – is based on false
psychology, since many of our actions are based on
instinct.
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