Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 322 – Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics

Lecture 17

Unsteady State (Transient) Analysis

#subscriptsmatter
 What is a Transient Process?
A transient process occurs whenever the time derivative
related to the system gain (or loss) is not zero ...
 g   g  dE
 
Vi 2 Ve2
Q  W  mi  hi   zi   m e  he   ze   G
i  2 gc gc  e  2 g c g c  dt
dmsys
 mi   m e 
i e dt

Emptying
a tank

Filling a
tank

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME 322 – Mechanical Engineering
Thermodynamics

Example – Problem 6.61

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 Example – Filling a Tank
Given: Filling a rigid tank with oxygen

T  20C

Use the ideal gas

m1  0 kg model for oxygen
m 2  15 kg properties
Q12

Find: The heat transfer required to fill the tank isothermally

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 T  20C

Example
m1  0 kg
The First Law for the system is, m 2  15 kg

Q12

 g   g  dEG
 
Vi 2 Ve2
Q  W  m i  hi 
  zi   m e  he   ze  
i  2 gc gc  e  2 gc gc  dt

dE dEG d dU sys
Q  m i hi  G  U  KE  PE G 
dt dt dt dt

 dU sys
 Q  m i hi 

dt

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 T  20C

Example
m1  0 kg
So far, the following equations for m 2  15 kg

the system have been developed, Q12

dmsys dU sys
 m   m
i e 
dt

Q  m i h i 
i e dt
Some observations ...
• The problem asks for the heat transferred (total energy)
but the First Law has a heat transfer rate
• How do I know what the mass flow rate into the tank is?
Is this a constant value?
• How do I represent the derivative on the RHS?

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 T  20C

Example
m1  0 kg
The mass flow rate in is contained in m 2  15 kg

the conservation of mass, Q12

dmsys
mi  m e 
dt

Making this substitution into the First Law,

dE dmsys dU sys
Q  m i hi  G 
Q hi 
dt dt dt
Multiply both sides by dt, to initiate separation of variables
  h dm  dU
Qdt i sys sys

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 T  20C

Example
m1  0 kg
In this equation each term can be integrated m 2  15 kg
from the start conditions to the end conditions.
Q12
Pay attention to limits of integration!
t m2 U2

 0
 
Qdt
 m1
h i dmsys 

U1
dU sys


U2

0
 Q
Qdt 12
U1
dU sys  U 2  U1  m 2u2  m1u1

m2
hi dmsys  h i  m 2  m1 
 m1

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 T  20C

Example
m1  0 kg
Substituting and rearranging, m 2  15 kg

Q12  hi  m 2  m1   m 2u2  m1u1

Q12

Q12  m 2 u2  hi  Can stop here with EES

The oxygen is being modeled as an ideal gas. Therefore,

hi  ui  Pv
i i  ui  RTi

Substitution into the First Law results in,

Q12  m 2 u2  ui  RTi    Q12  m 2 RTi

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 T  20C

Example
m1  0 kg
Finally, doing the calculations ... m 2  15 kg

Q12   m 2 RTi Q12

• What is Ti? Ti isn’t necessarily the same at T1 or T2.

• It is the temperature of the gas coming in.
• In this case, the gas entering the system comes from a reservoir at
293.15 K, but passes through a valve before entering our system.
• Remember that enthalpy is only a function of temperature if we treat air
as an Ideal Gas.
• If hbefore valve = hafter valve we will find that Tbefore valve = Tafter valve
 kJ 
Q12   15 kg   0.260   20  273.15  K
 kg-K 
Table C.13b

Q12  1143 kJ  The heat transfer is from the oxygen

(the assumed direction was wrong)

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 2nd Example – Emptying a Tank
Given: Rigid tank 18 ft3 of superheated steam

Initial:
Tinitial = 1000 °F
pinitial = 580 psia

Final:
pfinal = 150 psia
Q12

Process: Isenthalpic
Find: The heat required to empty the tank isenthalpically

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 2nd Example
The First Law and Continuity eqn. are:
Q12

 g   g  dEG
 
Vi 2 Ve2
Q  W  m i  hi 
  zi   m e  he   ze  
i  2 gc gc  e  2 gc gc  dt

dmsys
 m   m
i
i
e
e 
dt

How to find the mass?

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