Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

ECOSYSTEM

SPECIES

GENES
 Q1

It is generally refers to the

variety and variability of life
on Earth.
 Q1

BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is the variability among living
organisms from all sources, including
terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic
ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
which they are part; this includes diversity
within species, between species, and of
ecosystems.
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Chihuahua Beagle
Rottweilers
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Q2
It serves as a way for
populations to adapt to
changing environments.
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Q2

GENETIC
DIVERSITY
 THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

GENETIC DIVERSITY- Genes are the basic

units of all life on Earth. They are
responsible for both the similarities and
the differences between organisms.
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Chihuahua Beagle
Rottweilers
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Q3
It is the number of different
species that are represented in
a given community.
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Q3

SPECIES
DIVERSITY
 THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

SPECIES DIVERSITY- Species diversity is the

variety of species within a habitat or a
region. Some habitats, such as rainforests
and coral reefs, have many species.
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Q4
It is the variation in the
ecosystems found in a region or
the variation in ecosystems over
the whole planet.
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Q4

ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY
 THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY- is the variety of
ecosystems in a given place. An ecosystem
is a community of organisms and their
physical environment interacting together.
An ecosystem can cover a large area, such
as a whole forest, or a small area, such as a
pond.
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
 CLASSIFICATION OF
ORGANISMS
SPECIES GENUS FAMILY

PHYLUM CLASS ORDER

KINGDOM
 Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound
organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can
be single-celled or multi-celled. Bacteria are an
example of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not
contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound
organelle.
 Q5
Are humans considered
prokaryotes or
eukaryotes?
 Q5

EUKARYOTES
 Q6

In what kingdom are

humans classified?
 Q6

ANIMALIA
 Q7

In what kingdom are

plants classified?
 Q7

PLANTAE
 SUPER KINGDOM

PROKARYOTA EUKARYOTA

EUBACTERIA PROTOZOA

ARCHAEBACTERIA CHROMISTA

FUNGI

PLANTAE

ANIMALIA

Cavalier-Smith, 1987
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF HUMAN
Classification level Name Characterized by:
Domain Eukarya Nucleus, organelles

Kingdom Animalia Ingests food, multicellular,

no cell wall

Phylum Chordata Spinal cord

Subphylum Vertebrata Segmented backbone
Superclass Tetrapoda Four limbs
Class Mammalia Nurse offspring
Subclass Theria Live birth
Order Primates High level of intelligence
Family Hominidae Walk upright
Genus Homo Human
Species H. sapiens Modern human
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

The Three Domain System, developed by Carl Woese, is

a system for classifying biological organisms. Over the
years, scientists have developed several systems for the
classification of organisms. From the late 1960's,
organisms had been classified according to a Five
Kingdom system. This classification system model was
based on principles developed by Swedish
scientist Carolus Linnaeus, whose hierarchical system
groups organisms based on common physical
characteristics.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

As scientists learn more about organisms,

classification systems change. Genetic
sequencing has given researchers a whole new
way of analyzing relationships between
organisms. The current system, the Three
Domain System, groups organisms primarily
based on differences in ribosomal RNA (RNA)
structure. Ribosomal RNA is a molecular building
block for ribosomes.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

Under this system, organisms are classified

into three domains and six kingdoms. The
domains are Archaea, Bacteria,
and Eukarya. The kingdoms
are Archaebacteria(ancient
bacteria), Eubacteria (true
bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
and Animalia.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

EUKARYOTA
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

Organisms that belong to

this kingdom are all
microscopic. They live in
various places, some even in
the most severe ARCHAEA
environments.
METHANOGENS,
HALOPHILES and
THERMOPHILES are
examples of archaebacteria.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

Halophiles are organisms that thrive in

high salt concentrations. They are a type
of extremophile organism. The name
comes from the Greek word for "salt-
loving".
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

A thermophile is an organism—a type of extremophile—

that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 41
and 122 °C (106 and 252 °F). Many thermophiles are
archaea. Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have
been among the earliest bacteria.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

Methanogens are microorganisms

that produce methane as a
metabolic byproduct in hypoxic
conditions.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

METHANE is utilize as biogas,

a cheap alternative source of
energy. There are already
communities and industries
which obtain energy for their
lighting and cooking fuel
needs from the biogas
technology.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

Members of eubacteria are

BACTERIA unicellular and
microscopic. They are
referred to as the true
bacteria and are usually
called the BACTERIA group.
Their cell walls are made of
peptidoglycan, a
carbohydrate.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

BIOREMEDIATION- process
BACTERIA where eubacteria breaks
down or remove pollutants.

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Acinetobacter baumanii
• Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus
• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• Lysinibacillus sphaericus
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

BACTERIA

Leptospira interrogans
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

BACTERIA CYANOBACTERIA are

plantlike because they have
chlorophyll-containing
cells. They grow in ditches,
esteros, or in moist places
like gardens and sidewalls
where light is present.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

ANTIBIOTICS- are substances that kill or inhibit disease-

causing organisms.

ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION BY MICROORGANISMS

• Streptomyces griseus- produces STREPTOMYCIN, an
antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and certain types
of pneumonia.
• Streptomyces venezuelae- produces
chloramphenicol used in killing bacteria that cause
typhoid fever and skin infections.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

BACTERIA INSIDE THE BODY

• Escherichia coli- found in the large intestine of
humans. It feeds on partially digested food moving
from stomach to the small intestines. These bacteria
meanwhile provide the much needed vitamin B12
that otherwise the human body cannot produce. E.
colli however, once present in other areas in the
body can produce causing diarrhea or kidney damage
and even death.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM

BACTERIA

YOGURT is made by adding a

culture of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus.
 THREE DOMAIN
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEMSYSTEM

Eukaryota is one of the three domains of life containing

organisms whose cells contain complex structures
enclosed within complex membranes call
endomembranes. These organisms are called Eukaryotes
and are either singular- or multiple-celled.

EUKARYOTA
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Protists are a diverse collection of

organisms. While exceptions exist, they
are primarily microscopic and
unicellular, or made up of a single cell.
The cells of protists are highly organized
with a nucleus and specialized cellular
machinery called organelles.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Protists are classified into three groups.

PHOTOTROPHS, HETEROTROPHS and
SPOROZOAN.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

PHOTOTROPS- produce their own food.

This group includes the algae,
dinoflagellates, euglenoids.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Algae may be green,

golden, brown or red.
Some green algae are
edible. The marine
green algae Caulerpa
lentillifera. The
carbohydrates that
green algae produce is
stored as strach.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Caulerpa lentillifera
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

GOLDEN ALGAE cells

also contain chlorophyll
but is marked by yellow
pigments. Members of
this group are mostly
microscopic. They store
food in the form of
leucosin.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

RED ALGAE
This group differs from
the rest of the algae by
storing food in the form
of floridean starch.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Gracilaria salicornia
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

BROWN ALGAE
Most members of this group
are marine. Brown pigments
mask their chlorophyll. This
is the largest of the algae
species. Giant kelps, a
member of this group can
grow to more than 30
meters in length. Some
members of the group
contain alginic acid.
 What is the importance of
biodiversity?

What is the importance of light

to the algae?
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

DINOFLAGELLATES live in
oceans and seas. They are
mostly unicellular. Some
occur as single organisms,
while others form colonies.
pyrodinium bahamense var.
compressum
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

EUGLENOIDS are
microscopic and unicellular.
It lives in fresh water
bodies.
Euglena has interesting
characteristic of getting
food.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

HETEROTROPHS with no permanent

structure for movement include the
radiolarians, foraminiferans, and
amoeba. They move by means of the
pseudopods or pseudopodia.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM
PSEUDOPODS

AMOEBA FORAMINIFERANS

RADIOLARIA
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

three types of heterotrophs: are

herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Paramecium-
they use cilia to
get food.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Slime and water

molds- considered to
be heterotrophs with
limited movements.
They feed on bacteria
and decaying plant.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

SPOROZOAN cannot move on their own

and they are may be free-living and
parasitic.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Anopheles
Plasmodium
mosquito
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

FLAGELLATES, they use one or many of

their threadlike flagella to move.
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM
Example of Flagellates

Trypanosoma
Giardia lamblia
gambiense
 PROTISTS
THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

Trichonympha
FUNGI
 FUNGI
They have cell walls and made up
of CHITIN. Fungi undergo asexual
reproduction by forming buds and
many spores.
 FUNGI
There are three major types of
fungus: mushrooms, molds and
yeasts.
 FUNGI

SAPROPHYTES- feed on decaying

matter.
 FUNGI

Fungal bodies consist of hyphae, and

rootlike rhizoids.
 FUNGI

Fungal bodies consist of hyphae, and

rootlike rhizoids.