THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

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 Thermodynamic Processes

W1-2 = = Constant ∆U1-2 = mCv (T2-T1)

Q = ∆U + W
PV = mRT

Isothermal ∆U =0 Q1-2= W1-2= P1V1ln pV= Constant

Process Q=W Q1-2= W1-2= P1V1ln

Q=0 ∆U1-2 = p= Constant

Adiabatic W = - ∆U
Where, γ = T
Process
W1-2= = & Cp – Cv = R V

Isochoric W=0 Q = ∆U = mCv (T2-T1) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K

Process Q = ∆U

Isobaric W1-2 = p (V2-V1) ∆U1-2 = mCV (T2-T1) R = 0.287 kJ/Kg.K

Process Q1-2 = mCp (T2-T1) = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
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CARNOT CYCLE

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 CARNOT CYCLE
According to the first law of thermodynamics
Considering the isothermal processes 1→2 and 3→4, we get
eqn. (1)

eqn. (2)

Work done = Heat supplied – Heat rejected

eqn. (3)

Air Standard Efficiency =

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 CARNOT CYCLE (Continued)
Considering the adiabatic processes 2→3 and 4→1, we get
eqn. (4)
= Constant
eqn. (5)
= Constant
RHS of eqn. (4) =RHS of eqn (5)

∴
Also,

Let, eqn. (6)

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 CARNOT CYCLE (Continued)
Efficiency =
eqn. (1)
eqn. (2)

eqn.(7)

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 The Carnot Principles
1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is
always less than the efficiency of a reversible
one operating between same two thermal
reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines
operating between the same two thermal
reservoirs are the same.
 NUMERICAL
A Carnot cycle works with adiabatic compression ratio of 5 and
isothermal expansion ratio of 2. The volume of air at the
beginning of the isothermal expansion is 0.3 m3. If the maximum
temperature and pressure is limited to 550 K and 21 bar,
determine
(i) Minimum temperature in the cycle
(ii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle
(iii)Pressure at all salient points
(iv)Work done per cycle
Take γ = 1.4

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 SOLUTION
Given

[1 bar = 105 N/m2]

To find 9
 SOLUTION (Continued)
For the adiabatic process 4-1,

For Carnot cycle,

For the isothermal process 1-2,

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 SOLUTION (Continued)

For the adiabatic process 2-3,

p

For the adiabatic process 4-1,

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 SOLUTION (Continued)
Heat supplied during the isothermal process 1-2,

Heat rejected during the isothermal process 3-4,

Since, Isothermal expansion ratio = Isothermal compression ratio

Heat rejected = 228.74 kJ

Work done = Heat supplied – Heat rejected

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 NUMERICAL
2. A Carnot engine, working between 650 K and 310 K, produces
150 kJ of work. Find thermal efficiency and heat added during the
process.

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 Practical Carnot Cycle
The Carnot cycle makes 4 reversible processes that cannot be realized in
real-life conditions, even under the most idealized situations.
Consider the processes -
1. Reversible isothermal compression
− The mass of gas is being compressed, which will cause its temperature
to rise, and heat needs to be rejected to keep the temperature
constant.
− In order to carry out the process at a constant temperature, heat needs
to be rejected at the same rate as energy is supplied in the form of
displacement work.
− To achieve this the entire process needs to be carried out at a very
slow rate, such that every state in between is an equilibrium state
− i.e. a quasi static process.
− This process is not possible, and even if it were, it would have to be
carried out so slowly, it would take ages to complete 1 cycle.
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− The same holds true for reversible isothermal expansion.
 Practical Carnot Cycle
2. Reversible adiabatic compression
− Now the gas should be compressed in an adiabatic fashion, meaning
no heat should enter or leave the gas.
− This is impossible as in the real world there is no material that acts
as a perfect insulator.
− The closest we can get to it is by carrying out the process very-very-
fast, giving no time for heat to flow out or in.
− The same holds true for reversible adiabatic expansion.

 All these factors mean that we could never achieve the ideal Carnot
cycle in real-world conditions.
 And even if we could achieve close to ideal conditions by getting rid of
all sources of losses under carefully controlled conditions, the
isothermal processes would have to be carried out so slowly, that it
would not be feasible to use the engine as a viable source 15of
 Thermodynamic Processes

W1-2 = = Constant ∆U1-2 = mCv (T2-T1)

Q = ∆U + W
PV = mRT

Isothermal ∆U =0 Q1-2= W1-2= P1V1ln pV= Constant

Process Q=W Q1-2= W1-2= P1V1ln

Q=0 ∆U1-2 = p= Constant

Adiabatic W = - ∆U
Where, γ = T
Process
W1-2= = & Cp – Cv = R V

Isochoric W=0 Q = ∆U = mCv (T2-T1) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K

Process Q = ∆U

Isobaric W1-2 = p (V2-V1) ∆U1-2 = mCV (T2-T1) R = 0.287 kJ/Kg.K

Process Q1-2 = mCp (T2-T1) = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
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OTTO CYCLE
 OTTO CYCLE
The thermal efficiency of Otto cycle can be written as

eqn. (1)

eqn. (2)

eqn. (3)

= = r (Compression Ratio=Expansion Ratio)

eqn. (4)

From adiabatic process 1-2 & 3-4

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OTTO CYCLE
∴ eqn. (5)

Also, T3 = T4 & T2 = T1

eqn. (6)

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 OTTO CYCLE
The net work output for an Otto cycle can be expressed as
W =Work done(3-4) – Work done (1-2)

eqn. (7)

Let, (Pressure Ratio) eqn. (8)

Therefore,
eqn. (9)

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 OTTO CYCLE

eqn. (10)

The mean effective pressure of the cycle is given by

Swept volume = V1 – V2 = V2 (r – 1)

eqn. (11)

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 NUMERICAL
An engine working on the Otto cycle has an air standard
efficiency of 56%. It rejects heat at the rate of 544 kJ per
kg of air. The pressure and temperature of air at the
beginning of compression are 0.1 MPa and 60°C
respectively. Compute
(i) The compression ratio of the engine
(ii)The work done per kg of air
(iii)The pressure and temperature at the end of compression
(iv)The maximum pressure in the cycle
Assume suitable values for Cp and Cv.
(v) Mean effective Pressure
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 SOLUTION
Given

= 0.1 X 106 N/m2

To find

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SOLUTION (Continued)

For the adiabatic process 1-2,

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 SOLUTION (Continued)
For the isochoric process 2-3,

Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)

= 832.68 kN/m2

0.123 m3

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 Thermodynamic Processes

W1-2 = = Constant ∆U1-2 = mCv (T2-T1)

Q = ∆U + W
PV = mRT

Isothermal ∆U =0 Q1-2= W1-2= P1V1ln pV= Constant

Process Q=W Q1-2= W1-2= P1V1ln

Q=0 ∆U1-2 = p= Constant

Adiabatic W = - ∆U
Where, γ = T
Process
W1-2= = & Cp – Cv = R V

Isochoric W=0 Q = ∆U = mCv (T2-T1) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K

Process Q = ∆U

Isobaric W1-2 = p (V2-V1) ∆U1-2 = mCV (T2-T1) R = 0.287 kJ/Kg.K

Process Q1-2 = mCp (T2-T1) = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
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DIESEL CYCLE

𝑽𝟑 𝑻𝟑
𝑪𝒖𝒕 − 𝒐𝒇𝒇 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐=𝒓 𝒄 = =
𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟐

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 DIESEL CYCLE
The thermal efficiency of the Diesel cycle is given by

Heat Supplied during constant pressure process 2-3 = mCp(T3-T2)

Heat Rejected during constant volume process 4-1 = mCv(T4-T1)

Cp/Cv = γ

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 DIESEL CYCLE
is cut-off ratio rc, is expansion ratio re, and is compression ratio r

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 DIESEL CYCLE
In adiabatic process 1-2

In constant pressure process 2-3

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 DIESEL CYCLE
In adiabatic process 3-4

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 DIESEL CYCLE
The thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle is given by

The net work output for a Diesel cycle is given by

The expression for mean effective pressure can be shown to be

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 NUMERICAL

1 kg of air at temperature of 15°C and pressure of 100 kPa is

taken through a Diesel cycle. The compression ratio is 15 and the
heat added is 1850 kJ. Calculate the ideal cycle efficiency.

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 NUMERICAL

Given,
m = 1 kg, T1 = 15 C = 288 K

p1 = 100kPa, QS = 1850 kJ, r = 15

To Find, η

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NUMERICAL

0.827 m3

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 NUMERICAL
For the adiabatic process 1-2,

For the isobaric process 2-3,

Q2-3 = mCp(T3-T2)
1850 = 1 x 1.005 x (T3-850.8)
T3 = 2691.6 K

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NUMERICAL
= =

55.15%

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 Assignment Problems
1. Calculate the ideal air standard thermal efficiency based on the Otto
cycle for a petrol engine with a cylinder bore of 50mm, stroke of 75
mm, and a clearance volume of 21.3 cm3.
Hint: Swept Volume =
Total Volume = Swept Volume + Clearance Volume

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2. The minimum pressure and temperature in an
Otto cycle are 100kPa and 300 K. The
compression ratio is 5 and the peak pressure
is 2.1MPa Find out (1) Heat supplied /kg of
air (2) Heat rejected/kg of air (3) Work
done /kg of air (4) Theoretical thermal
efficiency (5) Mean effective pressure.
Comparison between Otto & Diesel Cycle for the
same compression ratio and heat rejection

- From the figure we can see that for the

same compression ratio and heat rejection
net area inside the cycle is less for the
Diesel cycle and more for the Otto cycle.
- Since on the P-V diagram the net area
covered represents the value of the net
amount of work done by the cycle, for
the same amount of heat rejection in
process, 5-1,
- Therefore, the efficiency of the Otto cycle
is greater than that of the Diesel cycle. 40
Otto Cycle + Diesel Cycle

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Dual Cycle (Not included in Syllabus)

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