TRANSVERSE STRESS ANALYSIS ON

CONCRETE BEAM STRENGTHENED USING

COMPOSITE LAMINATES

Presented by
ACHINTHYA R VARCHASVI
1VE17CSE01

Under the guidance of

Dr. NAVEEN KUMAR D T
Associate Prof. Dept of Civil
SVCE, Bengaluru
 CONTENTS

• Introduction.
• Literature review.
• Objectives.
• Methodology.
• Results and discussion
• Conclusion
• References.
 INTRODUCTION
• Most of concrete infrastructure in the world is aging beyond
50 years, and many of these structure showing signification
deterioration and distress. This may be either due to natural
disasters such as earthquake and tsunami or due to increased
traffic and vehicular loads.
• This has become a threat to the integrity of civil infrastructure
and safety of their users In order to guarantee the safety of the
people, older, existing structures need to be repaired and
strengthened to prevent there collapse.
• The use of externally bonded Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP)
is one such method of retrofitting and rehabilitation which is
becoming a popular means of repair and rehabilitation to
extend the life of concrete structures. FRP are also known as
composite laminates which is a result of composite materials.
 Cont..
• A composite material is defined as a material which consists
of a mixture or combination of two or more different materials
which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or
chemical composition. Thus, a composite material is labelled
as any material consisting of two or more phases.
• When such laminates are used to strengthen the concrete
beams, it is required to verify the stresses developed by
theoretical means. Most of the research works which have
been presented on retrofitting of concrete beams are based on
the experimental works only. Without the absence of proper
theoretical background, it is difficult to rely on the design.
 ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES MATERIALS

• High resistance to fatigue and corrosion degradation.

• High ‘strength or stiffness to weight’ ratio.
• Greater reliability and Directional tailoring capabilities to
meet the design requirements.
• Improved dent resistance is normally achieved.
• It is easier to achieve smooth aerodynamic profiles (i.e., double
curvature profiles) for drag reduction.
• Composites offer improved torsional stiffness and impact
damage.
• Composites are dimensionally stable i.e. they have low thermal
conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion.
LIMITATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• High cost of raw materials and fabrication.

• Composites are more brittle than wrought metals and thus are
more easily damaged.
• Transverse properties may be weak.
• Matrix is weak, therefore, low toughness.
• Reuse and disposal may be difficult.
• Difficult to attach.
• Repair introduces new problems.
 LAMINATES
• A laminate is a stack of piles of composite, each layer
can be laid at various orientations and can be made up
of different system
 LITERATURE REVIEW
• Arduini and Nanni (1997) conducted a parametric study to
investigate the effects of FRP strengthening on serviceability,
strength, and failure mechanisms for FRP repaired RC beams.
The available literature showed the failure mechanism can
move from ductile to very brittle as externally bonded FRPs
are added to flexural members.
• Harmon et al. (2003) noted that ACI 440’s guide for surface
bonded FRP explicitly limits strain in the FRP to a value
inversely proportional to the FRP’s stiffness. The guide does
not consider resin properties, concrete strength, and the extent
of the flexural cracking.
 CONT..
• Arturs Macanovskisa, Andrejs Krasnikovsa, Olga
Kononovaa, Arturs Lukasenoks(2005). In this paper Results
of damage and failure investigation in a concrete reinforced by
short polymeric fibers are reported in the present work. Two
types of fibers were used in experiments 30mm and 6mm long
For the macro fiber.
• Victor C. Li, Robert Ward, and Ali M. Hamza(2008):
“Steel and Synthetic Fibers as Shear Reinforcement.” The
ultimate shear strength of longitudinally reinforced fiber
mortar and concrete beams without shear stirrups is examined
by testing beams under center-point bending. All beams
without fibers failed by diagonal shear cracking. Increases in
ultimate shear strength up to 183 percent were recorded due to
random reinforcement with volume fractions up to 2 percent
of short fibers.
 CONT..
• Chandrashekhara et al. (2012) found the accurate solutions
based on first order shear deformationtheory including rotary
inertia for symmetrically laminated beams.The laminated beams
by a systematic reduction of the constitutive relations of the
threedimensionalanisotropic body and found the basic equations
of the beam theory based on the parabolic shear deformation
theory.
• Kiral et al(2015).studied the dynamic behavior of the laminated
composite beams subjected to a single force traveling at a constant
velocity using a three-dimensional finite element model based on
the classical lamination theory. An analytical method for the
dynamic analysis of laminated beams using higher order refined
theory.
 OBJECTIVES
It has been found from the literature review that the most of the
works which have been done on the retrofitting and rehabilitation of
concrete beam using laminates are on the basis of experiments.
Very little work has been done on analytical solution methods for
the analysis of strengthened beams. Based on the literature review,
following objects are defined
• Develop analytical formulation for transverse stress analysis of
simply supported beams strengthened using laminated composites
• Develop solution methodology for transverse stress analysis of
simply supported beams strengthened using laminated composites
• Compare the accuracy of the results obtained in the present work
with those of already available in the literature
• Present the benchmark results for different length/depth ratio of
beam, combination of laminates, ply orientation.
THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS

• In this formulation two higher-order refined theories with three degrees of-
freedom for the stress analysis of anti symmetric angle are presented.
• The governing equations of equilibrium using all theories are derived using the
Principle of Minimum Potential Energy (PMPE).
• Anti symmetric laminates are the special form of un-symmetrical laminates and the
associated theory offers some simplification in the analysis.
• The Taylor’s series expansion method is used to derive a two-dimensional
formulation of a three-dimensional elasticity problem and the following set of
equations are obtained expanding the displacement components u (x, z), and w ( x,
z) of any point in the laminate space in terms of the thickness coordinates .
 FIRST ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY

• Displacement field

Where,
x, z→ coordinate axes for the given FGM.
u, w→ displacement of the general point whose coordinates are (x ,z)in space in
x and z direction respectively.
w→ displacement of a point in middle plane of the plate.
→Rotation of the normal to the middle plane about y and x axes respectively.
 STRESS STRAIN RELATION FOR AN COMPOSITE BEAM

E1 E3  E1
Q11  , Q  , Q 
(1   2 ) (1   2 ) (1   2 )
22 13

STRAIN DISPLACEMENT
RELATIONS
u
x 
x

w
z 
z

u w
 xz  
z x
 u u 0 
 x   z x
x x x
 x   x 0  z x
 z  0
w u u 0 w 0  w 0 
  xz      x   x 
x z z x  x 

Where,

u0  x w0
x  x  x   x 
0
x x x
STRESS RESULTANT & MIDDLE PLANE STRAIN
RELATIONS

 N x  h 2  x   M x  h 2  x 
       
 z    z dz
N   M z     z zdz
 N   h 2    M   h 2  
 xz   xz   xz   xz 
 h h h

 xdz   Q11 x  Q12 z  dz   Q11  x 

2 2 2

 Nx   z x  0 dz
h h h
0 
2 2 2

h h
2
 u 0 x  2
 u 0  x 

h
 Q11 x  Q11z x dz  
  h
Q
 11 x

 Q11z
x 
dz
2 2

h h h

 zdz   Q12 x  Q22 z  dz   Q12  x 

2 2 2

 Nz   z x dz
h h h
0 
2 2 2
h h
2
 u 0  x  2
 u 0  x 
 
h
 Q12
x
 Q12 z
x 
dz  
h
 Q12
x
 Q12 z
x 
dz
2 2

h h h
 w u 
2 2 2

 N xz 
h
  xz dz  
h
Q33  xz dz   h 33  x  z dz
Q
2 2 2

h
2
 w 0 u 0 x 

h
 Q
 33 x  Q 33
z
 Q 33 z
z 
dz
2

h h h

  x zdz   Q11 x  Q12 z  zdz   Q11 z x 

2 2 2

 Mx   z 2 x  0 dz
h h h
0 
2 2 2
 h h
2
u 0 2  x 
2
 u 0  
  Q11z  Q11z dz    Q11z  Q11z 2 x dz
h  x x  h  x x 
2 2

h h h

 z zdz   Q12 x  Q22 z  zdz   Q12 z x 

2 2 2

 Mz   z 2 x dz
h h h
0 
2 2 2

h h
2
 u 0 2  x 
2
 u 0 2  x 
 
h
 Q12 z
x
 Q12 z
x 
dz  
h
 Q12 z
x
 Q12 z
x 
dz
2 2

h h h
 w u 
2 2 2

 M xz  
h
 xz zdz  
h
Q33z xzdz  
h
Q33z   dz
 x z 
2 2 2
h
2
 w 0 u 0 2  x 

h
 Q z
 33 x  Q 33 z
z
 Q 33 z
z dz
2

 Nx 
   u0   u0 
 N z      h
 x   '   z 
A   0
 Q11 Q11z 
   A22 
2
    A  2 2    A    dz '
M x    x    x  Q12
h  Q12 z 
   x   z  2
 M z 
  u0   u0 
 x   z 
   
 xz 
N  w0   w0 
h


M
  B '
   ' 23 
z
   23  
B
 x 
2
B    
 Q33 Q33 Q33z 
 dz
B   0
'

 xz    2
      h 
Q33 z Q33 z Q33z 
 x   x 2
 x 31  z 31

EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM AND NATURAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

The potential energy  for the beam element is defined as

  U  Ws  Wex
U = strain energy of the beam
Ws= work done by surface tractions
Wex = work done by edge stress on edge x=constant
    (U  Ws  Wex )  0
 U     ( x  x   xz  xz ) dx dydz
x y z

Calculating each integral separately,

 u  
     x  x dxdydz      x   0  z x  dxdydz
x yz x yz  x x 

 (u 0 )  (x )
    x dxdydz      x z dxdydz
x yz
x x yz
x

 (u 0 )  (x )
   Nx dxdy    M x dxdy
x y
x x y
x

Applying Green’s Theorem,

N x M x
  u 0dxdy   N x u 0    x dxdy   M x x dy
xy
x y xy
x y
 N x M x 
 x x
  dxdydz  
 x 0 x x
N u  M  dy     x 0 x x dxdy
u 
x yz y x y
  w 
     xz  xz dxdydz      xz  x  0  dxdydz
xyz xyz  x 
N xz
   M xz x dxdy    w 0 dxdy   N xz w 0dy
x y x y
x y

  N  
  M xz w 0dy    N xz  x   xz  w 0 dxdy
y x y  x  

Adding all the individual integral

terms

U   N x u 0  M x x  N xz w 0 dy
y

  N x   M x   N xz 
   
  u 0  x
 N xz   
x    dxdy
x y   x   x 

The work done by surface traction Ws, is given by

1
ws  
2xy  (p z w  ) dx dy
 where, w+ is the transverse displacement at any point at the top surface of the plate and is

given by, w  w0

1
Ws  
2xy  (p z w 0 ) dx dy

1
Ws  
2xy  (Pz w 0 ) dx dy

The work done by the edge stresses on an edge x = constant is given by

1
2 y z
Wex  ( x u  xz w) dy dz

Wex 
 N x u0  M x x Q x  w0  dy
y

The total strain energy is

  U  Ws  Wex
   (U  Ws  Wex )  0
 N x   M x  Nxz  
   N x u 0  M x x  N xz w 0  dy       1
x  u 0  
 x
 N xz  x   
 x  
 dxdy  
2x y (Pz w0 ) dx dy
y x y  

 
  N x u 0  M x x  N xz w 0 dy
y
Setting the individual integral terms in equation to zero, we get the equilibrium equations.

N x
 uo : 0
x

 x M x  N xz  0
x

w 0 N xz  Pz  0
x

The boundary conditions are

On the edge x=constant

uo : Nx  Nx
x : M x  M x
w0 : N xz  N xz
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION METHOD:
• In boundary value problem for the stress analysis of layered composite beam more
accurately an exact two-dimensional elasticity solution is needed.
• In order to solve the solution of the two-dimensional problems of elasticity theory
involves considerable mathematical complexity and for simplification the two-
dimensional problem has to be reduced by making suitable assumptions.
• The assumption that the stress resultant rather than stresses are more reliable in the
statement of governing equations.
• Among the analytical method available the Navier’s solution technique is very
simple and easy to use when the beam is of rectangular geometry with simply
supported edge conditions.
 NAVIER SOLUTION TECHNIQUE

u0   u0 m
cos x
m 1

w0   w0 m
sin x
m 1

x   x m
cos x
m 1
t 
 x 

 x    x m sin x
m 1

t
  2u0  

 2     u 0m cos x
2

 x  m 1
t
 2w0  
 2  
   2 w 0m sin x 
 x  m 1
t
  2x  

 2      x m cos x
2

 x  m 1
t
  3u 0  

 3     u 0m sin x
3

 x  m 1
 t
 4w0  
 4   
   4 w 0m sin x
 x  m 1
t
  3 x  
 
 3     x m sin x
3

 x  m 1
t
 4w0  

 4     w 0m sin x
4

 x  m 1
t
  3u 0  
 
 3     u 0m sin x
3

 x  m 1
t
  3 x  
 
 3      x m sin x
3

 x  m 1

Consider ,
N x
1)  0
x
N x
 A11 ( 2 )u 0 m cos x  0  A 22 ( 2 )x m cos x
x a b
Multiplying the m x
cos and double integrating   and applying
n by a 00
Orthogonality conditions
a b
 mx   mx 
   a   a  dxdy  0, m  m
cos .cos
00

ab
 ,m  m
4

Where,
mx

a
N x ab ab
 A11 ( 2 )u 0 m  0  A 22 ( 2 )x m 0
x 4 4

M x
2)   N xz  0
x
N xz  D11x mn cos x  D12w 0 mn cos x

  A31 2  u 0 m  0   A32  2  D11  x m  D12  w 0 m  0

 N xz
3)   Pz  0
x
N xz x 2w0 2
 D11  D12  D11 (  )  x sin  x  D12 (  )w 0 m sin x
x x x 2 m

a b
mx
Adding all the terms and multiplying by sin
a
and integrating between 
00

and applying orthogonality conditions, we get

  
  D11  x m     2 D12  w 0  Pz
 m m

Now collecting all the terms from the equilibrium equations, , the solution for the Fourier
amplitudes is obtained in the following form :

u0  0 
   
 
 X 33 w0    Pz 
   
 x 31 0 
31
The matrix [X] is the coefficient matrix whose elements are given as

X 11   A11 2 
X 12  0
X 13  A22 2

X 21  0
X 22  0
X 23  0

X 31  0
 A11 2  0 A22 2 
X 32   2 D12  
[X] =  0 0 0 

X 33   D11   0
  2
D12  D11 
 TRANSVERSE STRESS
• The equilibrium equations without the body forces
are given by the following expressions,
 x  xy  xz
  0
x y z
 xy  y  yz
  0
x y z

 xz  yz  z
  0
x y z
 Integrating the above set of equations with respect to the
thickness coordinate ‘z’ we get
z
  x  xy 
 xz      dz

h  x y 
2

z
  
 xz    
Q11 x  Q12 y   
Q 44 xy dz
 h  x y 
2
• Accuracy in predicting the transverse and stress is the most important for predicting failure
of composites. The effect of transverse shear deformation in the composite laminated is
significant at its lower thickness-to-span ratios due to their low in-plane shear stiffness .
• The equations of equilibrium are obtained using the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy
(PMPE).
• Results are obtained in closed-form using Navier solution technique for the above geometry
and loading beam with varying degrees, material properties, slenderness ratios, number of
layers, fibre orientations and edge ratios are considered for the analysis.
• For the solution of boundary-value problem using various displacement models and the
theoretical formulation and the solution method, computer programs using language called
MAT lab have been used.
• All the numerical results shown in the tables and figures using the various displacement
models are generated independently using the various computer codes developed in the present
investigation with a view to have all the results on a common platform.
 BEAM UNDER CONSIDERATION
Consider a beam made up of isotropic material as shown in Fig.. The beam can
have any boundary and loading conditions. The beam under consideration occupies
the region given by

0 ≤ x ≤ L, −h/2 ≤ z ≤ h/2,
where x,, z are Cartesian co-ordinates, L is length, and h is the total depth of the beam. The
beam is subjected to transverse load of intensity q(x) per unit length of the beam.

Beam under bending in x − z plane

 NUMERICAL RESULTS

In order to prove the efficiency of the present theories, the following numerical examples
are considered. The following material properties for beam are used

A beam under axial load

Consider a prismatic beam of cross-section A under a simple load P; the normal

stress at any cross-section is given by
 ϖ

= 10x210x0.25³x0.0004/1
=0.013
The results for axial bending stress (x), are presented in the following non-
dimensional form,

= 10x210x1x0.25³x0.0004/1x1⁴
L
=0.013 S  
h
where S is the aspect ratio.
The percentage error in results obtained by theories/models of various researchers with
respect to the corresponding results obtained by theory of elasticity is calculated as follows
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bending stress at ( z = ±h/2, S=2, x = L/2) for beam
S Theory Towxz % Error

2 Model 1 1.156 -22.93

2 Model 2 1.333 -11.3

2 Model 3 1.415 -5.67

2 Model 4 [present work] 1.451 -3.2

2 Model 5 1.444 -3.8

2 Model 6 1.432 -4.6

2 Model 7 1.420 -5.9

2 Model 8 [ETB] 1.412 -6.4

2 Model 9 [ exact] 1.51 0

Bending stress at ( z = ±h/2, S=4, x = L/2) for beam

S Theory Towxz % Error

4 Model 1 2.38 -20.3

4 Model 2 2.83 -5.4

4 Model 3 2.9 -3.0

4 Model 4 [present work] 2.99 -0.23

4 Model 5 2.98 -0.6

4 Model 6 2.957 -1.43

4 Model 7 2.8 -3.9

4 Model 8 [ETB] 1.96 -34.3

4 MODEL 9 [ exact] 3.0 0

HEIGHT TOWXZ
0.5 0
0.4 1.459191

0.3 2.594118

0.2 3.404779

0.1 3.891176

0 4.053309

-0.1 3.891176

-0.2 3.404779

-0.3 2.594118 through thickness variation of towxz

for beam with aspect ratio=2
-0.4 1.459191

-0.5 0
S TOWXZ HEIGHT

2 0 0.5

2 1.031806 0.4

2 1.834321 0.3

2 2.407547 0.2

2 2.751482 0.1

2 2.866127 0

2 2.751482 -0.1

2 2.407547 -0.2 through thickness variation of towxz

for beam with aspect ratio=2
2 1.834321 -0.3

2 1.031806 -0.4

2 0 -0.5
S TOWXZ HEIGHT

2 0 0.5

2 1.031798 0.4

2 1.834308 0.3

2 2.407529 0.2

2 2.751462 0.1

2 2.866106 0

2 2.751462 -0.1

2 2.407529 -0.2 through thickness variation of towxz

for beam with aspect ratio=2
2 1.834308 -0.3

2 1.031798 -0.4

2 0 -0.5
S TOWXZ HEIGHT

4 0 0.5

4 0.233471 0.4

4 0.415059 0.3

4 0.544765 0.2

4 0.622588 0.1

4 0.648529 0

4 0.622588 -0.1

4 0.544765 -0.2 through thickness variation of towxz

for beam with aspect ratio=4
4 0.415059 -0.3

4 0.233471 -0.4

4 0 -0.5
S TOWXZ HEIGHT

4 0 0.5

4 0.165089 0.4

4 0.293491 0.3

4 0.385208 0.2

4 0.440237 0.1

4 0.45858 0

4 0.440237 -0.1

4 0.385208 -0.2 through thickness variation of towxz

for beam with aspect ratio=4
4 0.293491 -0.3

4 0.165089 -0.4

4 0 -0.5
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

 The results which we have g0t fr0m the present m0dels has to be c0mpare
with other theories like the0ry of elementary beam, higher 0rder deformation
the0ry, exact elasticity s0lution.
 Model 3 through 7 have better value with exact solution for all aspect ratio.
 M0del 1 and 2 0ver estimate value 0f transverse stress f0r all aspect rati0.
 The s0lution in axial bending stress are proved by Elasticity of Beam, exact
elasticity s0luti0n for aspect rati0. The thickness difference 0f axial bending
stress will be in n0n-dimensi0n in nature.
 After obtaining results in axial bending stress the non-dimensional form
percentage error should be obtained and that is compared to previous
literatures.
 CONCLUSIONS
 Analysis of composite laminate becomes difficult because of material mismatch
across the interface laminates, stretching-bending coupling and non-linear effect.
 A symmetric laminates avoids coupling between bending and extension.
 Analytical formulation and solution are used by a set of shear deformation theory
with post processing technique are developed by laminate composite. Theories like
higher order and first order are used to develop by researchers and comparing the
results with previously available results.
 Transverse stress predicted by m0dels 3 thr0ugh 7 is best c0mpared t0 exact s0lution
whereas m0del 1 and 2 obtain more value 0f transverse stress f0r all aspect ratio.
 As the first order theory is appropriate to thin laminates with equal or more than four
layers and as less computational efforts. Thus provides benchmark results for
different length to depth ratio of the composite beam.
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 KYOU
THAN