Integration

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 Integrating Standard Functions:

Basic Integration Rules:

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Ex: Find the following integrals:

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 Exercises:
I. Integrate the following with respect to :
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

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6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

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II. Find the following integrals:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)

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 Integrating Using the Reverse Chain Rule:

Rules:

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 Note: This technique only works for linear transformations of

functions such as
Ex: Find the following integrals:

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 Exercises:
I. Integrate the following:
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

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6)

7)

8)

II. Find the following integrals:

1)
2)
3)
4)

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III. Integrate the following:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

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IV. Find the following integrals:

1)
2)

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 Integrating Using Trigonometric Identities:

Some trigonometric identities: (let )

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Ex: Find:

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 Exercises:
I. Integrate the following with respect to :
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

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6)

7)

8)

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II. Find the following integrals:

1)
2)

3)
4)
5)

6)

7)
8)
9)
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 Integrating Using Partial Fractions:

(Let and be two polynomial functions):

Given with and has roots
• If degree of degree of :
o If , then
o If , then factorize into product of linear functions, then

Then
Find and then perform

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• If degree of degree of , divide the numerator by the

denominator in order to get a fraction where the degree of the
numerator the degree of denominator, then perform the
previous steps of partial fractions.
Ex: Use partial fractions to find the following integrals:
o
Then
Then
OR: For
For
Then

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Then
For
For
For
Then
o
Then
For
For
Then

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Then
For
For
Then

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 Exercises:
I. Use partial fractions to integrate the following:
1)

For
For

2)
For
For

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3)
For
For

4)
For
For
For

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5)
For
For
For

II. Find the following integrals:

1)
1
For and for

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2)

For and for

3)

For and for

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4)

For and for

5)
For
For
For

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 Integration by Substitution:

Sometimes, in order to simplify the integral, changing the

variable would be an affective solution (example: ).
This process is called integration by substitution.
Ex: ○ Use the substitution to find
and
Then

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o Use the substitution to find

and

o Use integration by substitution to find

Let

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o Use the substitution to find

and

 Definite Integrals: (let )

Let
A definite integral of the form
Note: If use
Ex: ○ Evaluate the following integral:

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o Use integration by substitution to evaluate:

Let and
For and for

Let
For for

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 Exercises:
I. Use the given substitution to find the following
integrals:
1)
and

2)
and

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3)

4)

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5)
and

For and for

6)
and

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7)
and

For and for

8)

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II. Evaluate the following:

1)
Let and
For and for

2)
Let
For and for

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3)

For and for

4)
and
For and for

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 Integration by Parts
 Some Useful Integrals:

 Integration by Parts Formula:

where and are functions in
Note: › If one of the terms is , take
› If not and (or any polynomial) is one of the terms,
take

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Ex: ○ Find:

Let and and

Let

Let

Let

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Note: For where is a polynomial function whose degree

with , tabular integration by parts can be used.
 Tabular Integration by Parts:
Multiply the values of
each row of the first
×
column by the value in Derivatives of till 0 Antiderivatives of
the row directly next to
it from the second ¿
column and by a sign (−)
alternating between ¿
positive and negative (starting from positive)
So

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Ex: ○ Find
Exp.
¿
(−)
¿
o Evaluate , leaving your answer in terms of natural
logarithms:
Let

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 Exercises:
I. Find the following integrals:
1)
Let

2)
Let

3)
Let

4)
Let
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5)
Let

6)
Let

7)
Let

Let

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8)
Let

9)
¿
(−)

10)
¿

¿
(−)
¿
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11) ¿
(−)
¿
12)
Let

Let

OR

Let
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II. Evaluate the following:

1)
Let

2)
Let

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3)
Let

4)
Let

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5)
Let

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 Numerical Integration:
 Trapezium Rule:
where and
This rule is used for finding an approximate value for a
definite integral.
 Percentage Error:

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Ex: For the integral

1) Find the exact value of
2) Use the trapezium rule with two strips to estimate
3) Use the trapezium rule with four strips to find a second
estimate for
4) Find the percentage error in using these two estimates for
Solutions:
5)

2)

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3) and

4) In part (2),
In part (3),

 Conclusion: Increasing the number of strips improves accuracy

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 Exercises
I. Use the trapezium rule with strips to estimate the
following:
1)

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2)

3)
and

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4)
and

5)
and

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II. For
1) Find the exact value of
Let

2) Find approximate values for using the trapezium rule with:

a) strips
and

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b) strips
and

3) Compare the percentage error for these two approximations

Then is more accurate

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III. For
1) Find an approximate value for using:
a) strips
and

b) strips
and

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c) strips
and

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2) Suggest a possible value for

so
Then it’s possible that might be -

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IV. For
1) Find the exact value for
Let

2) Find an approximate value for using the trapezium rule

with:
a) strips
and

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b) strips
and

3) Compare the percentage error for these two approximations

Then is more accurate

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 Integration to Find Areas and Volume:

 Area:
The area of the region bounded between , and the lines is:

Note: For parametric equations:

,
find the values of for
then

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 Volume:
When the function rotates a complete rotation of or around
between planes , a solid is formed. The volume of this solid is:

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Ex: ○ The region is bounded by the curve of equation , and the lines

1) Find the area of

2) Find the volume of the solid formed when region is rotated
through about the
Solutions:
3)
4)

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o The curve has parametric equations:

where is the parameter and
The region is bounded by , and the lines and
1) Find the exact area of
2) Find the exact volume of the solid formed when is rotated
through about the
Solutions:
3) For or but then
For
or but

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2)

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 Exercises:
I. The region is bounded by the curve with equation , and
the lines . In each of the following cases, find the exact
value of:
a) The area of
b) The volume of the solid of revolution formed by
rotating through about the
1)
a)
b)
2)
a)
b)
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3)
a) Let

b) Let

Let

4)
a)
b)

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5)
a)

b)

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II. Find the exact area between the curve , and the lines and
where:
1)

For and for

2)
Let

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3)

4)
Let

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III. The region is bounded by the curve , and the lines . The
parametric equations for are:
1) Find the area of
For and for

2) Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when

is rotated through about the

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IV. The curve has parametric equations ,

1) Find the area of the region bounded by and

2) If this region is revolved through about the , find the volume of

the solid formed

Let
For and for

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