Lecture 3

Cutting tools
 Use of a cutting tool
• A cutting tool is used for cutting apart

• Remove material from a parent part in the form of chips

Cutting Tool Classification
1. Single-Point Cutting Tools
• One dominant cutting edge
• Point is usually rounded to form a nose radius
• Eg: Turning uses single point tools
2. Multi-Point Cutting Tools
• More than one cutting edge
• Motion relative to work achieved by rotating
• Eg: Drilling and milling use rotating multiple cutting edge tools
Tool Nomenclature
Orthographic views of a single point tool
End cutting edge angle (ECEA)

Top View

Nose Radius (NR)

Side cutting edge angle (SCEA)

Back rake angle (αb)

Side rake angle

(αs) Lip angle
Front View
Side View

Side relief angle (SRA) End relief angle (ERA)

Significance of the various angles in a Tool
• Rake Angle

• Ground on a tool to provide a smooth flow of the chip over the tool so as to
move it away from the work piece

• It reduces cutting force required to shear the metal and consequently helps to
increase the tool life and reduce the power consumption
 Back Rake angle
Ground on the face of the tool
Influences the angle at which chip leaves the nose of the tool
Generally 5 – 100

 Side Rake angle

Ground on the tool face away from the cutting edge
Influences the angle at which the chip leaves the work piece
A lathe tool has 5-140 side rake.
Positive rake angle
• Positive rake angle helps in chip flow
• It helps to reduce the power consumed for the cutting process
• However very high positive angle is not desired as it will reduce the
strength of the tool.
 Negative rake angle
Negative rake angle is used to increase edge strength & life of the tool .
It is used to machine harder metals & heavy cuts which requires strong cutting edge
Typical tool materials which utilize negative rakes are:
 Carbide
 Diamonds
 Ceramics(At high speeds)
These materials tend to be much more brittle than HSS but they hold superior
hardness at high temperatures.
Back rake and side rake angle explanation
Relief/ clearance angle
• The side and the end relief/ clearance angle prevents the tool from
rubbing against the machined surface.

Tool
 Nose Radius
• Rounded tip on the point of the tool

Functions:
• Strengthens finishing point of tool
• Improves surface finish on work
• Should be twice amount of feed per revolution
• Too large – chatter;
• Too small – weakens point
• Values: 0.4 mm to 1.6 mm
 Cutting edge angle
• Ground on a tool so that it can be mounted in the correct position for
various machining operations.

Side Cutting edge angle

• Allows flank of the tool to approach the work piece first
• Spreads the material over a greater distance on the cutting edge, thereby thinning out the chip.
• Approximately 150

End Cutting edge angle

• Allows the cutting tool to machine close to the work piece during turning operations
• Usually 20 – 300
FV

(Lip angle)
Side
view

(side clearance angle)

Top view
 Tool Signature
It is the system of designating the principal angles of a single point cutting tool.

The signature is the sequence of numbers listing the various angles, in degrees, and
the size of the nose radius.

There are several systems available like

American standard system (ASA),

Orthogonal rake system (ORS),

Normal rake system (NRS), and

Maximum rake system (MRS).

 Tool Signature
For example a tool may designated in the following sequence:

8-14-6-6-6-15-1

1. Back rake angle is 8

2. Side rake angle is 14
3. End relief angle is 6
4. Side relief angle is 6
5. End cutting Edge angle is 6
6. Side cutting Edge angle is 15
7. Nose radius is 1 mm
  The system most commonly used is A
(ASA), which is:
Tool Signature- ASA
 The system most commonly used is American Standards Association (ASA)
Bake rake angle, Side rake angle, End rel
The single point tool is designated as:
cutting Edge angle, Side cutting Edge angl

αb - αs - θe - θs - Ce - Cs - r
Bake rake angle

Side rake angle

End relief angle

Side relief angle,

End cutting Edge
Angle Φe
Side cutting
Edge angle Nose radius
Φs
Thank you