The Periodic Table

trends
 History of the Periodic Table
• 1871 – Mendeleev arranged the elements
according to: 1. Increasing atomic mass 2.
Elements w/ similar properties were put in the
same row.

• 1913 – Moseley arranged the elements

according to: 1. Increasing atomic number 2.
Elements w/ similar properties were put in
the same column.
 7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
Increasing energy

4p
4s 3d
3p
3s
2p
2s Review of Electron
Configuration
1s
 Behold!
Periodic Table & Electron Configuration
The Pattern to the Periodic Chart
 Periodic Groups
• Elements in the same column have similar
chemical and physical properties.

• These similarities are observed because

elements in a column have similar e-
configurations (same amount of electrons in
outermost shell).
Know the Group Names
 Periodic Trends
• Trends we’ll be looking at:
1. Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius
2. Ionization Energy
3. Electronegativity
4. Reactivity
5. Metallic Character
Atomic Radius

• Atomic Radius –
size of an atom
(distance from
nucleus to
outermost e-).
 Atomic Radius Trend
• Group Trend – As you go down a column, atomic
radius increases.
As you go down, e- are filled into orbitals (energy
levels) that are farther away from the nucleus
(attraction not as strong).
• Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
atomic radius decreases.
As you go L to R, e- are put into the same energy
level, but more p+ and e- total (more attraction =
smaller size).
Ionic Radius
• Ionic Radius -
size of an atom
when it is an
ion.
 Ionic Radius Trend
• Metals – lose e-, which means more p+ than e-
(more attraction) SO…
Ionic Radius < Neutral Atomic Radius
• Nonmetals – gain e-, which means more e- than p+
(not as much attraction) SO…
Ionic Radius > Neutral Atomic Radius
 Ionic Radius Trend

• Group Trend – As you go down a column, atomic

radius increases.
• Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to
R), atomic radius decreases.
Ionization Energy
• Ionization
Energy –
energy needed
to remove
outermost e-.
 Ionization Energy
• Group Trend – As you go down a column, ionization
energy decreases.
As you go down, atomic size is increasing (less attraction),
so easier to remove an e-.
• Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
ionization energy increases.
As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing (more
attraction), so more difficult to remove an e-
(also, metals want to lose e-, but nonmetals do not).
Energy to Take Off Several Electrons

How do electron configurations explain

why there is a big change in energy at
the red line?
Electronegativity
• Electronegativity-
tendency of an
atom to attract e-.
 Electronegativity Trend (really
electron affinity)
• Group Trend – As you go down a column, electron affinity
decreases.
As you go down, atomic size is increasing, so less attraction
of electrons to the nucleus.
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R), electron
affinity increases.
As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing, so the electrons
are more attracted to the nucleus.
 Reactivity
• Reactivity – tendency of an atom to react.
• Metals – lose e- when they react, so metals’
reactivity is based on lowest Ionization Energy
(bottom/left corner)
– Low I.E = High Reactivity.
• Nonmetals – gain e- when they react, so
nonmetals’ reactivity is based on high
electronegativity (upper/right corner).
– High electronegativity = High reactivity
 Metallic Character
• Properties of a Metal –
– Easy to shape (malleable); many are ductile (can be
pulled into wires)
– Conduct electricity and heat
– Shiny
• Group Trend – As you go down a column, metallic character increases (because
ionization energy decreases).
• Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R), metallic character decreases
(because ionization energy decreases) (L to R, you are going from metals to non-
metals).
 Do This…
• Based on these trends, can you describe some
properties of the following groups?
• Alkali
• Alkaline
• Halogens
• Noble Gases
– Also, be able to identify metals, transition metals semi-
metals, and non-metals and know some properties of
each.
 Exercises on Periodic Trends
A. ionization energy
1: What is ionization energy?
A)The energy required to remove an electron from an atom or
ion.
B)The energy released when an electron is added to an atom or
ion.
C)The energy required to change the state of matter from solid to
liquid.
D)The energy needed to create an ion in a chemical reaction.

2: Which of the following factors generally increases ionization

energy?
A)Moving down a group on the periodic table.
B)Moving from left to right across a period on the periodic table.
C)Increasing the number of protons in the nucleus.
D)Increasing the size of the electron cloud.

3: Which of the following elements is likely to have the highest

ionization energy?
A) Sodium (Na) B) Chlorine (Cl) C) Neon (Ne) D) Potassium (K)
4: Which of the following elements has the highest ionization energy?
A)Sodium (Na)
B)Magnesium (Mg)
C)Aluminum (Al)
D)Silicon (Si)

5. Within a given period (horizontal row) of the periodic table, which element
typically has the highest ionization energy?
A)The element on the far left of the period.
B)The element in the middle of the period.
C)The element on the far right of the period.
D)All elements within a period have the same ionization energy.

6: Among the alkali metals (Group 1), which element has the highest ionization
energy?
A)Lithium (Li)
B)Sodium (Na)
C)Potassium (K)
D)Rubidium (Rb)
 Atomic size or Radius
1: Which factor primarily determines the
atomic size of an element?

2: In the periodic table, as you move from

left to right across a period, how does
atomic size generally change?

3: Among the following elements, which

one has the largest atomic size?
A)Hydrogen (H) B) Helium (He) C)
Lithium (Li) D) Beryllium (Be)

4: Which group of elements in the

periodic table typically has the largest
atomic sizes?

5: How does atomic size change as you

move down a group (vertical column) in
the periodic table?
 Fill in the blanks

1: Atomic radius generally __________ as you move

from left to right across a period in the periodic table.

2: Electronegativity tends to __________ as you move

from bottom to top within a group in the periodic table.

3: The __________ elements in Group 17 (Halogens)

have the highest electron affinities.

4: Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an

electron from a(n) __________.

5. generally __________ as you move from right to left

across a period in the periodic table.