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Npt13 Parallel Operation
Npt13 Parallel Operation
PRODUCT TRAINING
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - When is it Required?
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Essential Requirements
1. All Generators must have the same voltage.
equipment.
6. Essential protection should include Reverse power, Over-current ,
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
live Bus-bar, either in Island mode ( with multiple Generator sets as the
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
CB1 BUS-BAR
LOAD
GEN 2 AVR MCB
DROOP CT
CB2
Consider a simple installation with two Identical Gen-sets, (breakers open circuit).
Normally, one (or more), generators will already be connected to the load, and
supplying power. (GEN 2 is now closed onto the Bus-bar).
It is also normal that the Generator on line (GEN2) will be running at nominal
frequency (50 or 60 HZ), while the incoming generator (GEN1), can be running at a
higher (NO LOAD), frequency of about 52 or 62 HZ.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
Synchronising
GEN 1 AVR DROOP CT
Equipment
CB1 BUS-BAR
LOAD
GEN 2 AVR MCB
DROOP CT
CB2
When the relative Engine speeds are different, the Generator waveforms will be
rapidly going in and out of phase with each other.
To correctly Synchronise A.C. Generators, the frequencies must be ALMOST identical.
Frequency (HZ), is the Electrical equivalent of Speed (RPM), which means that the
engine SPEEDS must be ALMOST identical.
Synchronising equipment is required to monitor the Bus Frequency and the
Incoming Generator frequency, to ensure that the Generators are in Synchronism.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
SYNCHRONISED
Incoming
Incoming
Generator
Generator
Set Set On-line
On-line
Generator
Generator
SetSet
EXAMPLE : In this analogy two trucks represent two Generator sets, to be paralleled .
If both trucks are travelling at EXACTLY THE SAME SPEED, they will ALWAYS
remain the SAME DISTANCE APART, ( IRRESPECTIVE OF SPEED).
However, if the REAR truck is A FEW RPM FASTER than the FRONT truck, it will
VERY SLOWLY catch up with the truck in front.
SYNCHRONISING is exactly the same process, the RATE OF CHANGE in speed must be
SLOW ENOUGH to allow the BREAKER to close when the Generators are IN PHASE .
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
GEN 1
IN PHASE
50 HZ
(1500 RPM)
GEN 2 50.1 HZ
(1503 RPM)
GEN 1 is INCOMING, and the engine speed has been adjusted down slightly to
almost 1500 RPM (for example 50.1 HZ).
As there is a SMALL RELATIVE DIFFERENCE between speeds, the Synchronising
equipment should be indicating that the Generators are moving IN and OUT of phase
SLOWLY enough to ALLOW TIME to close the breaker.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
GEN 1 180o OUT OF PHASE
IN PHASE
50 HZ
GEN 2 50.1 HZ
What will happen if the circuit breaker is closed in the final condition above ?
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
GEN 1
CRASHED
180º
INTO PHASE
GEN 2
The Generator waveforms are 180º OUT OF PHASE with each other.
As the breaker closes, GEN 1 will instantly try to reverse the rotation of GEN 2.
This is IMPOSSIBLE, because of the inertia in the Engine/Generator moving parts.
The Generators will be INSTANTLY ‘CRASHED’ into synchronism. .
The transient forces created are both Electrically and Mechanically DESTRUCTIVE
Electrical damage can occur to Diodes, Varistors, and Main Stator windings.
Mechanical damage may also occur to Couplings, Bearings, and Shaft.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
GEN 1
IN PHASE
50 HZ
1500 RPM
GEN 2 50.1 HZ
1503 RPM
GEN 1 engine speed has been adjusted to almost 1500 RPM (50.1 HZ).
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Synchronising AC Generators
Synchronising
GEN 1 AVR DROOP CT
Equipment
OK !
CB1 BUS-BAR
LOAD
GEN 2 AVR
MCB
DROOP CT
CB2
When the Synchronising equipment indicates that the incoming Generator (GEN 1) is IN
PHASE with the Bus-bar frequency, the circuit breaker can be safely closed.
The INCOMING Generator should ALWAYS be slightly FASTER than the loaded
Generator. This ensure that the incoming Generator ALWAYS takes a small proportion of
load when the breaker is closed. This will prevent REVERSE POWER protection tripping.
The Generators are now IN PARALLEL, the next step is LOAD SHARING.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Load Sharing
REACTIVE kVAr VOLTAGE ACTIVE CURRENT
LAGGING
(50 OR 60HZ) p.f 1 (kW)
APP
ARE
NT P
O WER
( kV
A) L
AG TIME
90º POWER ( kW ) COS
90º COS
AD
VA) LE
(k
PO WER
NT
ARE
APP
REACTIVE CURRENT REACTIVE CURRENT
REACTIVE (kVAr) LEADING p.f 0 LAGGING p.f 0
LEADING
ACTIVE CURRENT is the USEFUL CURRENT , which is IN PHASE with the Voltage, and
provides the POWER, or kWATT component of the load.
INDUCTIVE CURRENT is WASTED or WATTLESS CURRENT, which is LAGGING the
Voltage by 90º. This is the kVAr component, (POWER FACTOR 0).
The VECTORIAL RESULTANT is the kVA , ( APPARENT POWER).
The COSINE of the RESULTANT ANGLE is called the POWER FACTOR ( COS ).
CAPACITIVE CURRENT LEADS the Voltage by 90º.
REACTIVE CURRENT SHARING is controlled by the GENERATORS, (AVR & DROOP).
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Load Sharing
REACTIVE (WATTLESS) CURRENT SHARING
The Brushless AVR controlled Generator has a natural linear voltage ‘DROOPING ’
characteristic from NO LOAD to FULL LOAD.
VOLTS
415V 0%
0.5%
1.0%
409V
0% 50% 100%
PERCENTAGE LOAD
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Load Sharing
REACTIVE (WATTLESS) CURRENT SHARING
The PARALLEL DROOP CIRCUIT, provides a signal which allows the AVR to
sense WATTLESS REACTIVE CURRENT, ( ZERO POWER FACTOR ).
VOLTS
415 V 0%
1.0% (SINGLE)
403 V 3.0%
0% 50% 100%
LOAD AT 0.8 POWER FACTOR
At full load 0.8 power factor the voltage DROOP required (single running), is 3%.
This is in addition to the normal (natural) voltage regulation of the AVR, and
allows the DROOP CIRCUIT to automatically control a % of the voltage.
The DROOP SETTING is adjusted on the AVR DROOP CIRCUIT.
A SHORTING SWITCH may be fitted across the DROOP CT for single running.
GEN 1 SYNCHRONISING
AVR 1 403V EQUIPMENT
400V
CB1
CB1
BUS
0 LOAD
LOAD
403V
GEN 2 AVR 2 MCB
403V
406V
CB2
CB2
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Circulating Current
WHY IS DROOP IS REQUIRED FOR GENERATORS IN PARALLEL ?
GEN 1 AVR
BUS-BAR
400V CB1
403 V
403V LOAD
GEN 2 AVR MCB
406V
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Circulating Current
PF
1 LEAD
BUS-BAR
CB1
403 V
LOAD
GEN 2 AVR 2 DROOP CT MCB
CB2
CIRCULATING CURRENT
PF
POWER 11
LEAD
LEAD
FACTOR
METERS LAG
HIGH LAGGING CURRENT ( INDUCTIVE, power factor 0 ) is now flowing OUT of GEN 2.
HIGH LEADING CURRENT ( CAPACITIVE, power factor 0 ) is now flowing INTO GEN 1.
The DROOP CONTROL must REDUCE circulating current to ACCEPTABLE limits.
The MAXIMUM acceptable limit for circulating current is normally 8 %.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Circulating Current
PF
1 LEAD
BUS-BAR
CB1
403 V
LOAD
GEN 2 AVR 2 DROOP CT MCB
CB2
CIRCULATING CURRENT
PF
POWER 11
LEAD
LEAD
FACTOR
METERS LAG
AVR 2 receives a signal proportional to the circulating current (LAGGING p.f) which
DROOPS (DECREASES), the Generator D.C EXCITATION VOLTAGE.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - Circulating Current
PF
1 LEAD
BUS-BAR
CB1
403 V
LOAD
LOAD
GEN 2 VR 2 DROOP CT MCB
CB2
LOAD CURRENT
PF
11
POWER LEAD
LEAD
FACTOR
METERS LAG
When the MCB is closed, the DROOP CONTROL must also assist in SHARING the
REACTIVE, ( power factor 0 ), component of the LOAD CURRENT.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
kW
LEAD kWATT
METER
GEN 1
ENG AVR 1 DROOP CT
BUS-BAR
LOAD
ENG
GEN 2 AVR 2 DROOP CT MCB
ACTIVE CURRENT or kW
kW
LEAD kWATT
METER
ACTIVE CURRENT (power factor 1) is the kWATT component of the load, and is
CONTROLLED and SHARED by the PRIME MOVERS (ENGINES).
The PRIME MOVERS (ENGINES), must have similar NO LOAD to FULL LOAD
GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS, in order to share the ACTIVE CURRENT, (PF1).
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ACTIVE CURRENT ( kWATT) LOAD SHARING
SPEED
1560 RPM 0%
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ENGINE 1/ 500 H.P
CB1 BUS-BAR
LOAD
ENGINE 2/ 500 H.P MCB
CB2
EXAMPLE : Two Generator Sets are required to run in parallel, both sets have equal
size 500 H.P Engines, with mechanical ENGINE GOVERNORS.
How will ENGINE 1 and 2 share the load AUTOMATICALLY, throughout all load
variations, from NO LOAD to FULL LOAD ?
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ENGINE GOVERNING
A.C Generator Engine
EXAMPLE : In this analogy the truck ENGINE represents the GENSET DIESEL
ENGINE, and the TRUCK represents the GENERATOR.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ENGINE GOVERNING
LOAD LOAD
EXAMPLE : In this analogy the truck ENGINE represents the GENSET DIESEL
ENGINE, and the TRUCK represents the GENERATOR.
As with a Genset, the truck engine speed is FIXED, at a constant speed ie.,1500 RPM.
When the truck is UNLOADED, the engine is powering the LOSSES only.
When the truck is LOADED, the engine must provide extra power, and the truck
speed will fall (for example 4% SPEED DROOP), because the ENGINE GOVERNOR is
fixed at constant speed.
What will happen if the trucks are NOW JOINED SOLIDLY TOGETHER??
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ENGINE GOVERNING
LOAD LOAD
The trucks are now JOINED TOGETHER, similar to two GENERATOR SETS when they
are in PARALLEL.
How will the engines SHARE THE LOAD in the following situations ?……...
1) Both ENGINES have SIMILAR LOAD CHARACTERISTICS from no load to full load ?
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ENGINE GOVERNING
LOAD
LOAD
2) THE TRUCK IN FRONT HAS A STRONGER ENGINE THAN THE ONE AT THE BACK.?
ANSWER- THE FRONT ENGINE WILL TAKE LOAD AWAY FROM THE REAR ENGINE.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ENGINE GOVERNING
LOAD
3) The TRUCK AT THE BACK develops an ENGINE FAULT, and LOOSES POWER ?
MOTORS
ANSWER - THE FRONT TRUCK TAKES ALL OF THE LOAD, AND MOTORS
THE REAR TRUCK.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
1560 RPM
ENGINE 1 ENGINE 2
500 H.P 500 H.P
1500 RPM
4.0% SPEED DROOP
ENGINE
SPEED
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ENGINE 1/ 50 H.P
CB1 BUS-BAR
EXAMPLE: Two different sizes of Generator Sets are required to run in parallel, Set
1 has a 50 H.P ENGINE, set 2 has a 500 H.P ENGINE.
How will ENGINE 1 know that it must take 10% of the total kW load,
AUTOMATICALLY, from NO LOAD to FULL LOAD ?
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
1560 RPM
ENGINE 1 ENGINE 2
50 H.P 500 H.P
1500 RPM
4.0% SPEED DROOP
ENGINE 37 kW 370 kW
SPEED
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
WHAT IS REVERSE POWER ?
ENGINE 1, 50 H.P
REVERSE POWER.
CB1 BUS-BAR
GEN 1
MOTOR
Example : Engine 1 (50HP) develops a fault, which causes it to loose speed & power.
What will happen if Engine 1 is running in parallel with Engine 2?
Answer; Engine 2 will be supplying ALL OF THE LOAD CURRENT, and feeding
back ACTIVE CURRENT (kWATTS) INTO GEN 1.
GEN 1 has now become a MOTOR, DRIVING ENGINE 1.
This is REVERSE POWER, and can severely DAMAGE the ENGINES.
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
REVERSE
POWER
ENGINE 1, 50 H.P
PROTECTION
CB1 BUS-BAR
MOTOR
GEN 1
PRODUCT TRAINING
Parallel Operation - kW Load Sharing
ISOCHRONOUS
GOVERNOR kW FEEDBACK
CB1 BUS-BAR
LOAD
ISOCHRONOUS
GOVERNOR kW FEEDBACK MCB
CB2
ACTIVE CURRENT
How can kW Load sharing be achieved WITHOUT SPEED DROOP?, i.e., constant
speed from no load to full load?
Answer : The Engines must be fitted with ISOCHRONOUS ELECTRONIC GOVERNORS.
kW LOAD SHARING (kW), is achieved by GOVERNOR CONTROL from a kW feedback
signal, which automatically controls the kW LOAD SHARING.
PRODUCT TRAINING
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PRODUCT TRAINING