ME 429

Integration Course in Power Plant

and Industrial Plant

HEAT TRANSFER
Sample Problems for
Conduction
Engr. Feb June R. Gogola
Example #1 A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m. wide by 2.5 m
high. The four walls, ceiling and floor are covered to a thickness of 150
mm with insulating material which has a coefficient of thermal
conductivity of 5.8 x 10-2 W/m-K. Calculate the quantity of heat in kJ
Given: leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside
L = 4.5 m face temperatures of the material is 15℃ and -3℃, respectively.
W=4m Sol’n:
H = 2.5 m
x = 150 mm 𝑘𝐴 ∆ 𝑇
k= 𝑄=
𝑥
= 15°C
= -3°C
𝑯
𝐴=¿ 2 ( 𝐿×𝑊 )
Req’d: +2 ( 𝑊 × 𝐻 )
Q = ? kJ/hr +2 ( 𝐿× 𝐻 )
𝑾
𝑳
Example #1 A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m. wide by 2.5 m
high. The four walls, ceiling and floor are covered to a thickness of 150
mm with insulating material which has a coefficient of thermal
conductivity of 5.8 x 10-2 W/m-K. Calculate the quantity of heat in kJ
Given: leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside
L = 4.5 m face temperatures of the material is 15℃ and -3℃, respectively.
W=4m Sol’n:
H = 2.5 m
x = 150 mm 𝐴=2 [ ( 𝐿× 𝑊 ) + ( 𝑊 × 𝐻 ) + ( 𝐿× 𝐻 ) ]
k=
𝐴=2 [ 4.5 × 4 + 4 × 2.5 + 4.5 ×2.5 ] 𝑚
2
( ) ( ) ( )
= 15°C
2
= -3°C 𝐴=78.5 𝑚

Req’d:
𝑄=
𝑘𝐴 ∆ 𝑇
¿
( 5 . 8× 10− 2
𝑊
𝑚− 𝐾 )
( 78.5 𝑚2 ) ( 15+3 ) 𝐾
Q = ? kJ/hr 𝑥 0.15 𝑚

𝑄=546.36 𝑊
Example #1 A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m. wide by 2.5 m
high. The four walls, ceiling and floor are covered to a thickness of 150
mm with insulating material which has a coefficient of thermal
conductivity of 5.8 x 10-2 W/m-K. Calculate the quantity of heat in kJ
Given: leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside
L = 4.5 m face temperatures of the material is 15℃ and -3℃, respectively.
W=4m Sol’n:
H = 2.5 m
x = 150 mm 𝑄=546.36 𝑊
k=
𝐽 1 𝑘𝐽 3600 𝑠
= 15°C 𝑄=546.36 × ×
𝑠 1000 𝐽 1 h𝑟
= -3°C
𝒌𝑱
Req’d: 𝑸=𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟔 .𝟖𝟗𝟔
𝒉𝒓
Q = ? kJ/hr
 A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:

Example #2 Hot gas temp. = 1145℃

Cold gas temp. = 44℃
= 230 W/m2-K
= 290 W/m2-K
Thermal conductivity of the metal wall = 115 W/m-K
Given:
Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall
= 1145°C in mm between the hot gas and the cold gas so that the maximum
= 44°C temperature of the wall does not exceed 548℃.
= 230
= 290 Sol’n:
𝐴∆𝑇
k=

= 548°C
𝑄=¿1 + 𝑥+1
h𝑖 𝑘 h𝑜
( 1 𝑥 1
+ +
h𝑖 𝑘 h𝑜
=
𝑄 )
𝐴 ∆ 𝑇¿ ∆ 𝑇
𝑄
𝐴
Req’d:

( ) [ ( ) ]
x = ? mm 𝑥 ∆𝑇 1 1 ∆𝑻 𝟏 𝟏
= − + 𝒙 =( 𝒌 ) − +
𝑘 𝑄 h𝑖 h𝑜 𝑸 𝒉𝒊 𝒉𝒐
𝐴 𝑨
 A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:

Example #2 Hot gas temp. = 1145℃

Cold gas temp. = 44℃
= 230 W/m2-K
= 290 W/m2-K
Thermal conductivity of the metal wall = 115 W/m-K
Given:
Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall
= 1145°C in mm between the hot gas and the cold gas so that the maximum
= 44°C temperature of the wall does not exceed 548℃.
= 230
= 290 Sol’n:
𝟏 𝟐
[ ]
𝒊 𝒐
k= 𝑥=( 𝑘 )
∆𝑇
𝑄
−
1
+
1
h𝑖 h𝑜 ( )
= 548°C 𝐴 𝑸𝒊
Req’d:
𝑄=𝑄𝑖 =h𝑖 𝐴 ( 𝑡 𝑖 −𝑡 1 )
x = ? mm 𝑸
𝑄
=h𝑖 ( 𝑡 𝑖 − 𝑡 1 )
𝐴
 A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:

Example #2 Hot gas temp. = 1145℃

Cold gas temp. = 44℃
= 230 W/m2-K
= 290 W/m2-K
Thermal conductivity of the metal wall = 115 W/m-K
Given:
Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall
= 1145°C in mm between the hot gas and the cold gas so that the maximum
= 44°C temperature of the wall does not exceed 548℃.
= 230
= 290 Sol’n:

k=

= 548°C
𝑄
𝐴 ( 𝑊
=h𝑖 ( 𝑡 𝑖 − 𝑡 1¿) 230 2
𝑚 −𝐾 )
( 1145 −548 ) 𝐾

𝑄 𝑊
=137310 2
Req’d: 𝐴 𝑚
x = ? mm
 A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:

Example #2 Hot gas temp. = 1145℃

Cold gas temp. = 44℃
= 230 W/m2-K
= 290 W/m2-K
Thermal conductivity of the metal wall = 115 W/m-K
Given:
Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall
= 1145°C in mm between the hot gas and the cold gas so that the maximum
= 44°C temperature of the wall does not exceed 548℃.
= 230
= 290 Sol’n:

[ ( ) ]
k=
∆𝑇 1 1 𝑄 𝑊
𝑥=( 𝑘 ) − + =137310 2
𝑄 h𝑖 h𝑜 𝐴 𝑚
= 548°C 𝐴

( )
[ ( )
]
𝑊 (1145 − 44 ) 𝐾 1 1 𝑚2 − 𝐾
Req’d: 𝑥= 115 − +
𝑚− 𝐾 𝑊 230 290 𝑊
x = ? mm 137310 2
𝑚

𝑥=0.0255588 𝑚 𝒙=𝟐𝟓.𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟖𝒎𝒎
Example #3
An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32°C,
has an inside diameter of 50 mm with 10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of
the corrugated asbestos insulation is 125 mm and the surface coefficient of still
air, ho = 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is steam having a temperature of 150°C with
Given: film coefficient hi = 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal conductivity of pipe and asbestos
= 32°C insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m-K respectively. Determine the heat loss per unit
= 50 mm length of pipe.

= 10 mm Sol’n:
= 125 mm = 32°C
= 12 A = 12
= 10 mm 3
= 150°C P 2
= 6000
1
= 45 = 35 mm

= 0.12 𝐡𝐢
Req’d: = 25 mm
𝑸
=? = 62.5 mm
𝑳
Example #3
An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32°C,
has an inside diameter of 50 mm with 10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of
the corrugated asbestos insulation is 125 mm and the surface coefficient of still
air, ho = 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is steam having a temperature of 150°C with
Given: film coefficient hi = 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal conductivity of pipe and asbestos
= 32°C insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m-K respectively. Determine the heat loss per unit
= 50 mm length of pipe.

= 10 mm Sol’n:
= 125 mm
( 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑜 )
= 12 𝑄=
= 150°C
= 6000 1
+
ln
𝑟2
𝑟1
+
( ) +
ln
𝑟3
𝑟2
1 ( )
h𝑖 ( 2 𝜋 𝑟 1 𝐿 ) 2 𝜋 𝑘 𝑝 𝐿 2 𝜋 𝑘 𝑎 𝐿 h𝑜 ( 2 𝜋 𝑟 3 𝐿 )
= 45
𝑄 ( 2 𝜋 ) ( 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑜 )
=
= 0.12
( ) ( )
𝐿 𝑟2 𝑟3
ln ln
1 𝑟1 𝑟2 1
Req’d: + + +
h𝑖 ( 𝑟 1 ) 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑎 h𝑜(𝑟 3)
𝑸
=?
𝑳
Example #3
An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32°C,
has an inside diameter of 50 mm with 10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of
the corrugated asbestos insulation is 125 mm and the surface coefficient of still
air, ho = 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is steam having a temperature of 150°C with
Given: film coefficient hi = 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal conductivity of pipe and asbestos
= 32°C insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m-K respectively. Determine the heat loss per unit
= 50 mm length of pipe.

= 10 mm Sol’n:
= 125 mm
= 25 mm = 35 mm = 62.5 mm
= 12
𝑄 ( 2 𝜋 )( 150 −32 ) 𝐾
= 150°C =
= 6000 𝐿
2
𝑚 .𝐾
+
ln
35
25 ( )
𝑚 . 𝐾
+
𝑙𝑛
62.5
35 (
𝑚.𝐾
+
)𝑚 .𝐾
2

= 45 6000 𝑊 ( 0.025 𝑚 ) 45 𝑊 0.12𝑊 12𝑊 ( 0.0 625 𝑚 )

= 0.12
𝑸 𝑾
=𝟏𝟏𝟗 . 𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟖
Req’d:
𝑳 𝒎
𝑸
=?
𝑳
Sample Problems for
Convection
Engr. Feb June R. Gogola
Example #1 Brine enters a cooler at the rate of 50 m3/hr at 15°C and
leaves at 1°C. Specific heat and specific gravity of brine are 1.07
kJ/kg-K and 1.1, respectively. Calculate the heat transferred in kW.

Given:
Sol’n:
= 50 m /hr3
𝑚𝑏 𝑚 ´ 𝑏
= 15°C ´ 𝑏 𝑐𝑝 ∆ 𝑇
𝑄=𝑚 𝜌𝑏 = ¿
´
𝑏 𝑉𝑏 𝑉 𝑏
= 1°C
´ )𝑐 ∆ 𝑇 𝜌𝑏
= 1.07 kJ/kg.K ¿ ( 𝜌𝑏 𝑉 𝑝 𝑆𝐺 𝑏=
𝑏
𝜌𝑊
= 1.1
¿ ( 𝑆𝐺𝑏 𝜌 𝑊 𝑉´ ) 𝑐 𝑝 ∆ 𝑇
𝑏

Req’d:
Q = ? kW
( 𝑘𝑔
𝑄=( 1.1 ) 1000 3
𝑚 )( 50
𝑚3
×
1 h𝑟
h𝑟 3600 𝑠 )( 1.07
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾 )
( 15 −1 ) 𝐾

𝑸=𝟐𝟐𝟖 .𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑾
Example #2 When 200 grams of aluminum at 100℃ is dropped into an
aluminum calorimeter (cp=0.909 x 103 J/kg-K) of mass 120 grams
and containing 150 grams of kerosene at 15℃ the mixture reaches
a temperature of 50℃, what is the specific heat of kerosene?
Given:
= 200 g Sol’n:
= 100°C 𝑄 𝑎¿ 𝑄 𝑎𝑐 +𝑄 𝑘
= 0.909 kJ/kg.K
= 120 g 𝑚𝑎 𝑐 𝑝 ∆ 𝑇 𝑎¿ 𝑚𝑎𝑐 𝑐 𝑝 ∆ 𝑇+𝑚
𝑎 𝑎𝑐 𝑘 𝑐 𝑝 ∆ 𝑇 𝑘
𝑎𝑐 𝑘
= 150 g
= 15°C 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑐
) 𝑘 𝑐 𝑝 (𝑡 𝑓 − 𝑡 𝑖
𝑚𝑎 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑓 ¿) 𝑚𝑎𝑐 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑓 −𝑡 𝑖+𝑚 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
)
= 50°C

𝑚𝑎 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑖 −𝑡 𝑓 ) −𝑚𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑝 (𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝑐𝑝 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐
Req’d:
=?
𝑘
𝑚 𝑘 ( 𝑡 𝑓 −𝑡 𝑖 𝑘 𝑘
)
Example #2 When 200 grams of aluminum at 100℃ is dropped into an
aluminum calorimeter (cp=0.909 x 103 J/kg-K) of mass 120 grams
and containing 150 grams of kerosene at 15℃ the mixture reaches
a temperature of 50℃, what is the specific heat of kerosene?
Given:
= 200 g Sol’n:
= 100°C 𝑚𝑎 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑓 ) − 𝑚𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝑐𝑝 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐
= 0.909 kJ/kg.K
= 120 g
𝑘
𝑚 𝑘 (𝑡 𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝑘 𝑘

( ) ( )
= 150 g 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
( 0.2 ) 0.909 ( 100− 50 ) − ( 0.12 ) 0.909 ( 50 −15 )
= 15°C 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾
¿
= 50°C ( 0.15 ) (50 −15)

𝒌𝑱
Req’d: 𝒄𝒑 =𝟏 . 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟐
=?
𝒌
𝒌𝒈 . 𝑲
Sample Problems for
Radiation
Engr. Feb June R. Gogola
Example #1 At what rate does the sun lose energy by radiation? The
temperature of the sun is about 6000 K and its radius is 6.95 x
105 km.
Given:
Sol’n:
= 6000 K
4 2
r = 6.95 x 105 km. 𝑄=𝜎 ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 𝐴∙ 𝑇 𝐴=4 𝜋 𝑅
2 4
¿ 𝜎 ∙ 𝑒∙ 4 𝜋 𝑅 ∙ 𝑇
Req’d:
Q=?
(
¿ 5.67 ×10
−8 𝑊
2
𝑚 .𝐾 4
( )
)( ( 8 2
) 2
) (
1 4 𝜋 6.95 ×10 𝑚 6000 𝐾 ) 4 4

𝟐𝟔
𝑸=𝟒 .𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟑 ×𝟏𝟎 𝑾
Example #2 A thin square steel plate, 10 cm on a side, is heated in a
blacksmiths forge to a temperature of 850℃. If the emissivity is
0.60, what is the total rate of radiation of energy?
Given:
Sol’n:
= 10 cm
4 2
T = 850 ℃ =1123 K 𝑄=𝜎 ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 𝐴∙ 𝑇 𝐴=2 𝑠
e = 0.60

Req’d:
Q=?
(
¿ 5.67 ×10
−8 𝑊
2
𝑚 .𝐾
4 )
( 0.60 ) ( 2 ( 0.1 ) 𝑚 ) ( 1123 ) 𝐾
2 2 4 4

𝑸=𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟐 .𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟕 𝑾
Example #3
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air
and walls are at 25℃. The inside diameter is 55 mm while the outside
diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity
are 200℃ and 0.80 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free
Given: convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m2-K. What is
the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of the pipe?
= 25℃
= 55 mm Sol’n:
= 70 mm
= 200℃ 𝑸 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗 = 25℃
e = 0.8
h = 15 h = 15

Req’d:
= 200℃

𝑸 e = 0.8
=? 𝐃𝐨
𝑳
𝑸 𝒓𝒂𝒅
Example #3
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air
and walls are at 25℃. The inside diameter is 55 mm while the outside
diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity
are 200℃ and 0.80 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free
Given: convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m2-K. What is
the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of the pipe?
= 25℃
= 55 mm Sol’n:
= 70 mm 𝑄=𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 +𝑄 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑄 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
= +
= 200℃ 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
e = 0.8
h = 15 𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣=h𝐴 ∆ 𝑇
¿ h ( 𝜋 𝐷𝑜 𝐿 ) ∆ 𝑇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
=h ( 𝜋 𝐷 𝑜 ) ∆ 𝑇
Req’d: 𝐿
𝑸
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 =𝜎 𝑒𝐴 ( 𝑇 2 − 𝑇 𝑜 ¿)𝜎 𝑒 ( 𝜋 𝐷𝑜 𝐿) ( 𝑇 2 − 𝑇 𝑜 )
4 4 4 4
=?
𝑳
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
=𝜎 𝑒 ( 𝜋 𝐷 𝑜 ) ( 𝑇 2 −𝑇 𝑜 )
4 4
𝐿
Example #3
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air
and walls are at 25℃. The inside diameter is 55 mm while the outside
diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity
are 200℃ and 0.80 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free
Given: convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m2-K. What is
the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of the pipe?
= 25℃
= 55 mm Sol’n:
= 70 mm 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
=h ( 𝜋 𝐷 𝑜 ) ∆ 𝑇
= 200℃ 𝐿
e = 0.8
h = 15 (
¿ 15
𝑊
2
𝑚 −𝐾 )
( π ×0.07 𝑚 )( 200 − 25 ) 𝐾

Req’d: 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝑊
=577.2677
𝑸 𝐿 𝑚
=?
𝑳
Example #3
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air
and walls are at 25℃. The inside diameter is 55 mm while the outside
diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity
are 200℃ and 0.80 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free
Given: convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m2-K. What is
the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of the pipe?
= 25℃
= 55 mm Sol’n:
= 70 mm 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
=𝜎 𝑒 ( 𝜋 𝐷 𝑜 ) ( 𝑇 2 −𝑇 𝑜 )
4 4

= 200℃ 𝐿

( 𝑊
)
e = 0.8
h = 15 ¿ 5.67 ×10
−8
2 4
( 0.8 ) ( 𝜋 ×0.07 𝑚 ) ( 473
4
−298
4
) 𝐾
4

𝑚 .𝐾
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑊
Req’d: =420.6387
𝑸 𝐿 𝑚
=?
𝑳
Example #3
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air
and walls are at 25℃. The inside diameter is 55 mm while the outside
diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity
are 200℃ and 0.80 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free
Given: convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m2-K. What is
the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of the pipe?
= 25℃
= 55 mm Sol’n:
= 70 mm 𝑄 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝑊
= 200℃
= + =577.2677
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑚
e = 0.8 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
h = 15 𝑊
=420.6387
𝐿 𝑚
Req’d: 𝑄 𝑊
=( 577.2677 +420.6387 )
𝑸 𝐿 𝑚
=?
𝑳 𝑸 𝑾
=𝟗𝟗𝟕 .𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟒
𝑳 𝒎
Sample Problems for
Heat Exchanger
Engr. Feb June R. Gogola
Example #1 Liquid to liquid heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid
from 120℉ to 310℉. Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500℉ and
leaves at 400℉, calculate the log mean temperature difference for the
heat exchanger for (a) counter-flow type, and (b) parallel flow type.
Given:
= 120℉ Sol’n:
= 310℉ ∆ 𝑇= ( 500 −310 ) ℉
= 500℉ 𝑻
= 400℉
¿ 190 ℉
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 500℉
∆ 𝑇= ( 400 −120 ) ℉
= 400℉
Req’d: ∆T
¿ 280 ℉
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
LMTD = ? (for CFT )
∆T
LMTD = ? (for PFT )
= 310℉
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷= = 120℉
ln
(∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
𝑳
Example #1 Liquid to liquid heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid
from 120℉ to 310℉. Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500℉ and
leaves at 400℉, calculate the log mean temperature difference for the
heat exchanger for (a) counter-flow type, and (b) parallel flow type.
Given:
= 120℉ Sol’n:
= 310℉ ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 500℉ 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷= ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =190 ℉
= 400℉ ln
(
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =280 ℉
( 280 − 190 ) ℉
Req’d: 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷=
LMTD = ? (for CFT )
LMTD = ? (for PFT )
ln
280
190 ( )
𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫=𝟐𝟑𝟐 .𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟎 ℉
Example #1 Liquid to liquid heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid
from 120℉ to 310℉. Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500℉ and
leaves at 400℉, calculate the log mean temperature difference for the
heat exchanger for (a) counter-flow type, and (b) parallel flow type.
Given:
= 120℉ Sol’n:
= 310℉ ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =( 500 −120 ) ℉
= 500℉ 𝑻 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =380 ℉
= 400℉ = 500℉
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =( 400 −310 ) ℉
= 400℉ ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =90 ℉
Req’d:

∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
LMTD = ? (for PFT )
= 310℉

= 120℉

𝑳
Example #1 Liquid to liquid heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid
from 120℉ to 310℉. Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500℉ and
leaves at 400℉, calculate the log mean temperature difference for the
heat exchanger for (a) counter-flow type, and (b) parallel flow type.
Given:
= 120℉ Sol’n:
= 310℉ ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 500℉ 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷= ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =380 ℉
= 400℉ ln
(
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =90 ℉
( 380 − 90 ) ℉
Req’d: 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷=

LMTD = ? (for PFT )

ln ( )
380
90

𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫=𝟐𝟎𝟏 .𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟑 ℉
Example #2 The mass flow rate of Freon refrigerant through a heat
exchanger is 10 kg/min. The enthalpy of entry Freon is 245 J/g,
and the enthalpy of exit Freon is 68 J/g. The water coolant is
allowed to rise 10℃. Determine the water flow rate in kg/min.
Given:
= 10 kg/min Sol’n:
= 245 kJ/kg
= 68 kJ/kg 𝑄 𝑅 =𝑄 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑤
= 10 ℃
𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( h 𝑖 − h𝑜 ) =𝑚𝑤 𝑐 𝑝 ∆ 𝑇 𝑤 𝑤

Req’d:
= ? kg/min
𝑚𝑤 =
𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( h 𝑖 − h𝑜 )
¿
( 10
𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
( 2 45 − 68 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑝 ∆ 𝑇 𝑤
𝑤
( 4.187
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾)( 10 ℃ )

𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒘 =𝟒𝟐 . 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟕
𝒎𝒊𝒏
Example #3
An economizer receives hot gas (cp = 0.27 BTU/lb-°R) and water in
the ratio of 1.5 lb gas/lb water. The gas enters at 845℉ and leaves at 352℉;
the water enters at 120℉. Find the exit temperature of the water, the LMTD,
and AMTD for parallel flow if there are no external energy losses.
Given:
= 0.27 BTU/lb-R Sol’n:
𝑄 𝑅 =𝑄 𝐴 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑤

= 845 𝑚𝑔 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑖 −𝑡 𝑓 ) =𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑓 −𝑡 𝑖
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑤 𝑤 𝑤
)
= 352
= 120
𝑚𝑔 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑖 −𝑡 𝑓 ) 𝑚𝑔 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑓 )
𝑡𝑓 = +¿𝑡 𝑖 ∙ +𝑡 𝑖
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔

𝑤
𝑚𝑤 𝑐 𝑝 𝑤
𝑚𝑤
𝑤
𝑐𝑝 𝑤
𝑤

Req’d:
=?
LMTD = ? 𝑡𝑓 = ( 1.5 )
( 0.27
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑙𝑏 . 𝑅 ) ( 845 − 352 ) ℉ + 120 ℉
𝑤
𝐵𝑇𝑈
AMTD = ? 1
𝑙𝑏 . 𝑅

𝒕𝒇 𝒘
=𝟑𝟏𝟗 . 𝟔𝟔𝟓 ℉
Example #3
An economizer receives hot gas (cp = 0.27 BTU/lb-°R) and water in
the ratio of 1.5 lb gas/lb water. The gas enters at 845℉ and leaves at 352℉;
the water enters at 120℉. Find the exit temperature of the water, the LMTD,
and AMTD for parallel flow if there are no external energy losses.
Given:
= 0.27 BTU/lb-R Sol’n:

𝑻
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =725 ℉
= 845 = 845℉
= 352
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =32.335 ℉
= 352℉
= 120
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Req’d:

= 319.665℉
LMTD = ?
AMTD = ? = 120℉

𝑳
Example #3
An economizer receives hot gas (cp = 0.27 BTU/lb-°R) and water in
the ratio of 1.5 lb gas/lb water. The gas enters at 845℉ and leaves at 352℉;
the water enters at 120℉. Find the exit temperature of the water, the LMTD,
and AMTD for parallel flow if there are no external energy losses.
Given:
= 0.27 BTU/lb-R Sol’n:

𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷=
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =725 ℉
= 845
= 352
ln
(
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =32.335 ℉

= 120 ( 725 − 32.335 ) ℉

𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷=
Req’d:
ln
725
32.335 ( )
LMTD = ? 𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫=𝟐𝟐𝟐 .𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟑 ℉
AMTD = ?
Example #3
An economizer receives hot gas (cp = 0.27 BTU/lb-°R) and water in
the ratio of 1.5 lb gas/lb water. The gas enters at 845℉ and leaves at 352℉;
the water enters at 120℉. Find the exit temperature of the water, the LMTD,
and AMTD for parallel flow if there are no external energy losses.
Given:
= 0.27 BTU/lb-R Sol’n:

∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 +∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =725 ℉

𝐴𝑀𝑇𝐷=
= 845 2 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =32.335 ℉
= 352 ( 725+ 32.335 ) ℉
= 120 𝐴𝑀𝑇𝐷=
2
Req’d:
𝑨𝑴𝑻𝑫=𝟑𝟕𝟖 .𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟓 ℉
AMTD = ?
Example #4 An air-cooled condenser has an expected U value of 30 W/m2-
K based on the air side area. The condenser is to transfer 60 kW with
an airflow rate of 15 kg/s entering at 35°C. If the condensing
temperature is to be 48°C, what is the required air-side area?
Given:
= 30 W/m2-K Sol’n:
𝑄
𝐐 =𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐖𝑄=𝑈𝐴 ∆ 𝑇¿ 𝑈𝐴 ( 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 ) 𝐴=
𝑈 ( 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 )
, 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷=?
= 15 kg/s
= 35°C 𝑻
= 48°C = 48°C

Req’d: ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛

A=?
=?

= 35°C
𝑳
Example #4 An air-cooled condenser has an expected U value of 30 W/m2-
K based on the air side area. The condenser is to transfer 60 kW with
an airflow rate of 15 kg/s entering at 35°C. If the condensing
temperature is to be 48°C, what is the required air-side area?
Given:
= 30 W/m2-K Sol’n:
𝐐 =𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐖𝑄=𝑚𝑎 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑓 𝑎 𝑎
−𝑡 𝑖 𝑎
)
= 15 kg/s
= 35°C
𝑄
𝑡𝑓 = +𝑡 𝑖
= 48°C
𝑎
𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑝 𝑎
𝑎

𝑘𝐽
60
𝑠
Req’d: ¿ + 35 ℃
A=? ( 15
𝑘𝑔
𝑠 )( 1.0062
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 . ℃ )
𝑡 𝑓 =38.9754 ℃
𝑎
Example #4 An air-cooled condenser has an expected U value of 30 W/m2-
K based on the air side area. The condenser is to transfer 60 kW with
an airflow rate of 15 kg/s entering at 35°C. If the condensing
temperature is to be 48°C, what is the required air-side area?
Given:
= 30 W/m2-K Sol’n:
𝐐 =𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐖
𝑻 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =( 48 −35 ) ℃
= 15 kg/s
= 35°C = 48°C ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =13 ℃
= 48°C ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =( 48 −38.9754 ) ℃
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =9.0246 ℃
Req’d:
= 38.9754°C
A=?

= 35°C
𝑳
Example #4 An air-cooled condenser has an expected U value of 30 W/m2-
K based on the air side area. The condenser is to transfer 60 kW with
an airflow rate of 15 kg/s entering at 35°C. If the condensing
temperature is to be 48°C, what is the required air-side area?
Given:
= 30 W/m2-K Sol’n:
𝐐 =𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐖𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷= ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =13 ℃
= 15 kg/s
= 35°C ln
(
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) ∆ 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =9.0246 ℃
= 48°C
( 13 − 9.0246 ) ℃
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷=
Req’d: ln (
13
9.0246 )
A=?
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷=10.8917 ℃
Example #4 An air-cooled condenser has an expected U value of 30 W/m2-
K based on the air side area. The condenser is to transfer 60 kW with
an airflow rate of 15 kg/s entering at 35°C. If the condensing
temperature is to be 48°C, what is the required air-side area?
Given:
= 30 W/m2-K Sol’n:
𝐐 =𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐖 𝑄
= 15 kg/s 𝐴=
𝑈 ( 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 )
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷=10.8917 ℃
= 35°C
= 48°C
60,000 𝑊
¿
( 𝑊
30 2
𝑚 .𝐾 )
(10.8917 ℃ )
Req’d:
A=? 𝟐
𝑨=𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟏𝒎