PRESENTED BY

ROLL NO 81 -90
MALARIA
Definition
• Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by
infection with parasites of the genus
PLASMODIUM and transmitted to man by
certain species of infected female
anopheline mosquito .
Incidence

Country wide malaria situation

In 2015 - 384 deaths ; cases affected 1.17 millions

In 2019 – 73 deaths ; cases affected 0.34 millions
In 2020 – 2 deaths ; cases affected 0.20 millions
Incidence in india
• In india about 21.98 % population lives in malaria high
transmissions area and about 67 % in low
transmission areas .
• About 91 % of malaria cases and 99 % of deaths due
to malaria is reported from north eastern states
chattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh, odhisha , Andhra
Pradesh , maharastra , Gujarat , rajasthan ,west
Bengal and Karnataka .
Risk factors
1. Young childrens
2. non immune pregnant women
3. People with HIV and AIDS
4. International travelers from non endemic area
because they lack of immunity
5. Immigrants
Epidemiological types of malaria in india
TRIBAL RURAL
.
MALARIA MALARIA

TYPES URBAN
MALARIA
BORDER
MALARIA

FLOODS
FOREST AND .
MALARIA MALARIA
Primary vectors of malaria in india
• There are six primary vectors in india .they are ,

An.Culicifacies
An.Stephensi
An.Fluviatilis
An. Minimus
An. Dirus
An. Epiroticus
Epidemiological
determinants
.
Agents factors
• Malaria in man is caused by four distinct species of the
malaria parasite

P.VIVAX
P.FALCIPARUM
P.MALARIAE
P.OVALE
Host factors
• AGE : malaria affects all ages.

• SEX: males are more frequently exposed to the risk of

acquiring malaria than females because of the
outdoor life they lead .

• RACE: persons whose RBC s are “ DUFFY NEGATIVE ‘’

are resistant to P.VIVAX infection
Continues …….

• PREGNANCY : pregnancy increases the risk of

malaria in women .during pregnancy malaria can
cause death of the fetus .

• HOUSING : housing plays a important role in

epidemiology of malaria. The ill ventilated or ill
lighted house provides ideal indoor resting place
for mosquitoes.
Continues ….
• OCCUPATION: malaria is predominantly a rural
disease and Is closely related to agricultural
practices .

• IMMUNITY : semi immune individuals may

harbor malaria parasites without presenting any
symptoms of disease .
Environmental factors

SEASON : July to November is the maximum

spreading time of malaria .

TEMPERATURE: temperature affects life cycle of

malaria .Optimum temp for the development of
malaria is 20’ to 30’ c.
Continues …..
RAINFALL : Rain provides opportunities for the
breeding of mosquitoes and may give rise to epidemic
malaria .

MAN MADE MALARIA : Burrow pits , garden pools ,

irrigation channels , engineering products ,
bridges ,roads have led to breeding of parasites .
Mode of transmission
Modes Vector transmission
Direct transmission
Congenital transmission
Incubation period
The duration of the incubation period varies
with the species

P.FALCIPARUM – 9 to 14 days
P.VIVAX – 8 to 17 days
P.MALARIAE – 18 to 40 days
P.OVALE – 16 to 18 days
Find the symptoms

•.
Clinical features

Cold stage Hot stage Sweating stage

• Headaches ,n • Hot sensation • Skin is cool
ausea ,dry skin and moist
• Chills ,vomitin • Rapid • Pulse rate
g respiration becomes
and pulse slower
Diagnosis

Microscopy

Serological test

Rapid diagnostic test

Treatment
• ANTI MALARIAL DRUGS

Quinine – 20 mg quinine salt / kg body weight

Artesunate – 2.4 mg /kg IV or IM
Artemether – 3.2 mg /kg IM
Arteether – 150 mg daily IM for 3 days in
adults
Drug regimens for prophylaxis of malaria

FLUROQUINE 100 OR 150 MG

PROGUANIL 100 MG
MEFLOQUINE 250 MG
DOXYCYCLINE 100 MG
Strategies for prevention and control of
malaria
a. Surveilance and case management

-case detection
- early diagnosis and
complete treatment
- sentinel surveillance
Continues…..

b. Integrated vector management

- indoor residual spray

- insecticidal nets
- insecticide treated bed nets
Aims

Complete cure
Prevention of progression
Prevention of death
Interruption of transmission
Minimizing the risk
REFERENCES
K.PARK – ‘’ PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE ‘’
M/S BANARSIDAS BHANOT PUBLISHERS
26TH EDITION
PAGE NO – 294 TO 310
THANK YOU
.