CEMENTING OPERATIONS

CEMENTING CALCULATIONS

1. COMPOSITION
2. CEMENT SETTING REACTIONS
3. PERFORMANCE OF CEMENT SLURRY
4. SURRY CALCULATIONS
 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
 Composition of Portland cement: oxide
tests become the main procedure to get the
composition of the cement samples.
 The percentage of Lime (CaO), Silica (SiO),
Alumina (Al2O3), Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3),
Magnesia (MgO), Sulphur trioxide (SO3) are
determined in the chemical analysis labs.
 With the help of oxide test the composition of
cement sample can be find out.
 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
1. Tri Calcium Silicate: 3CaO.SiO2 “C3S”
 It is major contributor to the strength at all stage bu
particularly in early stage of curing (up to first 28
days after cementing). The constituent should be 45
– 65% with a maximum of 67% for high early
strength cement.

 % C3S = (4.07 x % CaO) – ( 7.60 x % SiO2) –

(6.72 x % Al2O3) – (1.43 x % Fe2O3) – (2.85 % SO3)
 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
2. Di Calcium Silicate: 2CaO.SiO2 “C2S”
 It hydrates very slowly and is produces long term
strength. It should be in the range of 25 – 35% but
being very slow to hydrate, it has no effect on Othe
setting time.2

 %C2S = (2.87 X % SiO2) – (0.754 X % C3S)

 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
3. Tri Calcium Aluminate: 3CaO. Al2O3 “C3A”
 It hydrates rapidly and contributes most of the heat of
hydration. It contributes nearly 2 cal/gm of cement over 3
days for each % of the compound present. To minor extent
it also contributes to strength and produces that portion of
cement which is most rapidly attacked by sulphate water. It
can vary between 15 %for regular type and 18% for high
sulphate resistant cement.

 %C3A = (2.65 X % Al2O3) – (1.69 X % Fe2O3)

 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
4. Tetra-Calcium Alumino Ferrite:
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 “C4AF”
 It has little effect on physical properties
of cement. The sum of C4AF plus twice
the C3A may not exceed a maximum of
24% for high sulphate resistant cements.

 % “C4AF = 3.04 x % Fe2O3

 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
5. Calcium Sulphate:

The rapid action of tri calcium aluminate can be

controlled by Gypsum. Therefore the Gypsum
becomes one of the principal constituent for the
oil well cements.

 % Ca SO4. 2.H2O= 1.7 X % SO3

 SLOW SET CEMENTS
Un- retarded slow set cement and
Retarded slow set cements
 The properties of un-retarded slow set cements,
are controlled by limiting Tri calcium Silicate content. For
retarded slow set cements, the properties are controlled
by using organic additives like starch, sugar, salts of
lignin sulphonic acid, boric acifd and gums.
 The purpose of retarders is to retard the rate of
reaction between cement and water maintaining
viscosity of 25 poise for a period of several hours. The
slow set cements are useful in deep well cementing.
 SHRINKAGE OF CEMENT SLURRY:

3 CaO.Al2O3 + 3(CaSO4.2H2O) + 25H2O 

Solid Solid Liquid
3 CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.31H2O
 Solid
 In this reaction two solid phases react with on
liquid phase and produce new solid phase
which occupies more space than two solid
reactants but less space than the space
occupied by all three reactants. The difference
is called “Shrinkage of Cement Slurry”.
 STRENGTH OF CEMENT:

 Secure the pipe in the hole.

 Isolate the permeable zone at well bore.
 With stand the shock of drilling and perforation.
 Confine initial fracture pressure to the desired
zone.
 Develop sufficient strength to satisfy the above
requirements after mud contamination
 WOC (WAIT ON CEMENT):

 In early days of operation waited as long

as 7 days for cement to attain strength and for
many years it was 3 days. But now a days 24
hours is the most popular waiting period that
is known as wait on cement (WOC) time.
 WOC for surface/ intermediate and
Protection casing cementing starts when wiper
plug is down and ends when drilling out of
plug is started. On production casing WOC
starts when cement is placed and ends
WCR (WATER CEMENT RATIO):

 MINIMUM WCR:
 Minimum water cement ratio is defined
as per minimum requirement of water to make
homogeneous slurry. Minimum amount of
water for any class cement is that amount
which can be used without producing a slurry
of consistency greater than 30 poise.
WCR (WATER CEMENT RATIO):
 If less than minimum amount of water used, the
friction in the annulus plus the hydrostatic pressure
may be high enough to break the formation.
 The loss of minimum amount of water from slurry
may cause premature setting and stoppage of
slurry during placement.
 On other hand minimum amount of water is useful
in Plugging jobs.
 The thickening or pumping time of these slurry is
considerably shorter than that of slurries mixed
with usual amount of water.
 MAXIMUM WCR:
The maximum amount of water is defined as that
quantity of water that can be mixed with cement without
causing the separation of not more than 2.5 ml of
supernatant water when 250 ml slurry is allowed to stand in
a graduated cylinder for 2 hours at room temperature and
pressure.

Class of Maximum Water Minimum Water

cement Water Weight Volume Water Weight Volume
Gal/sac lb/gal ft /sac
3
Gal/sac lb/gal ft 3/sac

A 5.5 15.39 1.22 3.90 16.89 1.00

C 7.9 13.92 1.54 6.32 14.80 1.33

E 4.4 16.36 1.07 3.15 17.84 0.90

 CEMENT PERFORMANCE
IN BORE HOLE
 The cement in wells will attain minimum strength of 8 psi in
three times the time required for developing consistency of
100 poise at well conditions.
 i. t8 psi = tmin WOC


 ii. tmin WOC = t100 x 3



 iii. tmax T = t100 x 2 = tmax pcs



 iv. tmin WOC = tmax pcs x 1.5


 CHARACTERISTICS OF API
CEMENTS
 For a 94 lb sac of cement the volume is 1 ft3 of bulk cement. The
actual space occupied by cement particles is 0.48 ft3 and rest
0.52 ft3 is void space (air) in the bulk. Thus 1 ft3 of cement is
mixed with 0.70 ft3 (5.24 gal) of water the total volume of cement
slurry will me 1.18 ft3.
 The absolute volume of all the constituents of slurry are
additive.
 Bulk Volume of Cement = 1 ft3
 Absolute volume of cement = 0.48 ft3
 Bulk density of cement = 94 lbs/ft3
Absolute density of cement = 94 / 0.48 = 195.8 lb/ ft3
Sp.gr. of cement = 195.8 / 62.4 = 3.14
 CEMENTING CALCULATIONS
 i. Volume requirement: Vc =  (L – Lc) ( Dh2 – De2) / 576


 ii. Mixing Time: Tm = No. of cement sacs / Truck cementing

capacity


 iii. Displacing Time: Td = Vol of casing / Pumping Capacity



 iv. Total cementing time: Tc = Tm + Td



 lbs cement + lbs Water + lbs additives

 v. Slurry weight = ------------------------------------------------------
 gal cement + gal water + gal additives
 CEMENTING CALCULATION
 lbs of materials
 vi. Absolute Volume = ---------------------------------------------------
 8.34 ppg x sp.gr. of materials


 gal cement + gal water + gal additives

 vii. Yield = --------------------------------------------------
 7.48 gal / cu.ft.


 lb water x 100
 viii. Percentage mix. = --------------------------------
 lb cement

 gal of water
 ix. Water cement ratio = --------------------------
 one sac of cement

 CEMENTING CALCULATIONS
 i. Volume requirement: Vc =  (L – Lc) ( Dh2 – De2) / 576


 ii. Mixing Time: Tm = No. of cement sacs / Truck cementing

capacity


 iii. Displacing Time: Td = Vol of casing / Pumping Capacity



 iv. Total cementing time: Tc = Tm + Td



 lbs cement + lbs Water + lbs additives

 v. Slurry weight = ------------------------------------------------------
 gal cement + gal water + gal additives
 Problem
 Calculate total cementing time for a for a 9 5/8
inch x 8.535 inch, 53.5 ppf, 12,000 ft. long
protection casing string set in 12.25 inch bore
hole. 1000 sacs of cement are used to
prepare cement slurry by a cementing truck
having mixing capacity of 20 sacs per
minumte and for circulation a Duplex rig pump
with 18 inch stroke, 2.5 inch piston and 6.5
inch liner operating at 60 RPM with 90%
efficiency.
 Solution Problem 2
 Annular capacity:
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (dh2 – dp2) ft3 / ft.
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (12.252 – 9.6252) ft3 / ft.
 Va = 0.3132 ft3 / ft.
 Internal capacity of casing:
 Vp = 5.4542 x 10-3 x di2 ft3 / ft.
 Vp = 5.4542 x 10-3 x 8.5352 ft3 / ft.
 Vp = 0.3973 ft3 / ft.
 Total volume =(0.3132 + 0.3973) x 12000 = 8526 ft 3
 Pump factor:
 Vc = 9.09 x 10-4 . S (2D2 – d2) .  ft3 / Cycle
 Vc = 9.09 x 10-4 x 18 (2 x 6.52 – 2.52) . 0.9 ft3 / Cycle
 Vc = 1.1530 ft3 / Cycle
 Mixing time = 1000 / 20 = 50 min
 Pumping time = 8526 / 60 x 1.1530 = 123 min
 Total cementing time = 173 min = 2 hr 53 min.
 Problem-3
 Calculate the static temperature range of the cement job.
 Depth = 12000 ft. Cement = 1000 sacs
 Slurry = 16.3 ppg slurry Volume = 1.10 ft3 / Sac.
 WCR = 4.5 gal/sac.
 Casing 9.625 inch, 53.5 ppf, run in 12.25 inch borehole
 Float collar at 60 feet above the shoe.
 Capacity of casing = 0.3612 sacs per linear ft.
 Annular fill up rate = 3.5125 linear ft per sac.
 Solution Problem-3
 Volume of cement left in casing = 60 x 0.3612 = 22 sacs
 Fill up annulus = 3.5125 x 978 = 3435 ft.
 Static temperature at 12000 ft depth = 0.0135 x 12000 + 75
 Static temperature at 12000 ft depth = 237 deg F
 Static temperature at top of cement = 0.0135 x 8565 + 75
 Static temperature at top of cement = 191 dge F
 CEMENTING CALCULATION
 lbs of materials
 vi. Absolute Volume = ---------------------------------------------------
 8.34 ppg x sp.gr. of materials


 gal cement + gal water + gal additives

 vii. Yield = --------------------------------------------------
 7.48 gal / cu.ft.


 lb water x 100
 viii. Percentage mix. = --------------------------------
 lb cement

 gal of water
 ix. Water cement ratio = --------------------------
 one sac of cement

 Problem-4
 Calculate the weight, percentage mix and yield of set volume of a
slurry, given:
 WCR = 5.5 gal/sac Specific gravity of cement = 3.14
 One sac = 1 cu.ft , 94 lbs Water = 8.34 ppg
 Solution Problem-4
 Weight of cement = 94 lbs
 Weight of water = 5.5 x 8.34 = 45.87 lbs
 Volume of cement = 94/(8.34 x 3.14) = 3.59 gal/sac
 Volume of water = 5.5 gal/sac
 Slurry weight = (94 + 45.87) / (3.59 + 5.5) = 15.4 ppg
 Yield = (3.59 + 5.5) / 7.48 = 1.215 cu.ft / sac = 9.09 gal/sac
 Absolute Volume = 94/(8.34 x 3.14) = 3.6 gal/sac
 Percentage mix = 5.5 x 8.34 x 100 / 94 = 48.8 % water by weight
 Problem-5
 Calculate the no. of sacs of cement and bentonite required to
obtain cement returns on surface casing, given:
 Annular volume between 9.625 inch casing and 12.25 inchbore
hole = 0.3469 cu.ft per linear ft.
 Float collar place 30 ft above shoe.
 Volume of 9.625 inch, 40 ppf casing = 0.4256 cu.ft per linear ft.
 Class A cement with 4 % gel is used.
 Slurry weight = 14.1 ppg
 Slurryy volume = 1.536 cu.ft per sac of cement.
 Casing to be landed at 1400 ft.
 Excess cement = 35 %
 Solution Problem-5

 Cement left in the casing = 30 x 0.4256 = 12.77 cu.ft.

 Cement required to fill annulus = 140 x 0.3469 x 1.35 = 655.64
cu.ft.
 Total cemen trequired = 668.41 cu.ft.
 Sacs of cement = 668.41 / 1.536 = 435 sacs
 Weight of cement = 435 x 94 = 40,890 lbs
 Bentinite required = 40,890 x 0.04 = 1636 lbs or 163.6 sacs.
 Problem-6
 Calculate the weight and volume of cement slurry for a perlite –
gel – cement slurry. Given:
 Slurry mixture: 100 cu.ft perlite, 100 sac of cement 4% gel by wt.
of cement.
 Dry density of perlite = 13 lb/cu.ft.
 Specific gravity of perlite = 0.672
 Specific gravity of gel = 2.65
 Specific gravity of cement = 3.14
 WCR = 11 gal/sac
 Solution Problem-6
 Weight of cement = 94 lbs
 Weight of water= 11 x 100 x 8.34 = 9174 lbs
 Weight of perlite = 100 x 13 = 1300 lbs
 Weight of gel = 0.04 x 9400 = 376
 Volume of cement = 9400 / (8.34 x 3.14) = 359 gal
 Volume of water = 1100 gal
 Volume of perlite = 1300 / (8.34 x 0.672) = 232 gal
 Volume of gel = 376 / (8.34 x 2.65) = 17.0 gal
 Slurry weight = (9400 + 9174 + 1300 + 376) / (359 + 1100 + 232 + 17)
 Slurry wieght= 11.86 ppg
 Yield = (359 + 1100 + 232 + 17) / 7.48
 Yield = 228.3 cu.ft. per 100 sac of cement
 Problem-7
 Calculate the number of sacs of material required for perlite-gel
cement, Given:
 Volume of slurry required = 1000 cu.ft.
 Cement” Cl;as A, 1:1 dry mix of cement and perlite.
 One sac of perlite = 4 cu.ft., sp.gr = 0.672
 One sacc of cement = 1 cu.ft.
 GEL: 4% by weight of cement
 WCR : 11 gal/sac
 Slurry yield = 2.28 cu.ft./sac of cement
 Solution Problem-7
 Slurry yield = 2.28 cu.ft./ sac of cement
 Volume required = 1000 cu.ft.
 Cement requirement = 1000 cu.ft / 2.28 cuft. per sac = 439 sacs
 Dry volume of perlite an dcement ar eto be used
 Perlite requirement = 439cu.ft./ 4 cu.ft. per sac = 110 sacs.
 Gel requirement = 4 x 439 x 94 / 100 lb/sac of gel = 16.5 gel
 Problem-8
 Calculate the velocity in the annulus during displacement of
cement slurry. Given:
 Hole diameter = 8.5 inch
 Casing diameter = 5.5 inch
 Rig pump = 8/ 18 inch with 6.5 inch liner
 Pump efficiency = 90%
 Pump volume = 1.1523 cu.ft./ stroke
 Pumpp speed = 60 RPM
 Solution Problem-8
 Va = 3.056 x Q / (dh2 – dp2) ft / sec
 Q in cu.ft. / min
 Va = 3.056 x 1.1523 x 60 / (8.52 – 5.52) ft / sec.
 Va = 5.02 ft / sec.
 Va = 301.2 ft / min.
 Laminar flow

 Problem-9
 Calculate the depth of cement top in the annulus with the
following given cementing data:
 casing string: 7 inch Bore size = 8.75 inch depth = 8000 ft.
 Cement: Class B cement 800 sacs leaving 60 ft cement in the
casing. Use 1.15 as cementing experience factor
 Slurry yield 1.10 cu.ft. / sac of cement
 Caliper log data:
 Well depth (ft.) Hole diameter (in.)
 7000-8000 9.125
 6000-7000 9.25
 5000-6000 9.625
 4000-5000 9.375
 Solution Problem-9
 Annular Volume
 7000 - 8000 ft depth interval
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (dh2 – dp2) ft3 / ft.
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (9.1252 – 72) = 0.18689 ft3 / ft.
 V1 = 186.89 ft3
 6000 - 7000 ft depth interval
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (dh2 – dp2) ft3 / ft.
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (9.252 – 72) = 0.19942 ft3 / ft.
 V1 = 199.42 ft3
 5000 - 6000 ft depth interval
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (dh2 – dp2) ft3 / ft.
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (9.6252 – 72) = 0.2380 ft3 / ft.

V1 = 238.0 ft3
 4000 - 5000 ft depth interval
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (dh2 – dp2) ft3 / ft.
 Va = 5.4542 x 10-3 x (9.3752 – 72) = 0.2116 ft3 / ft.
 V1 = 211.6 ft3
 Total annular volume = 835.91 ft3
 Solution Problem-9 (contd)
 Total annular volume = 835.91 ft3
 Total annular volume for cementing = 835.91 x 1.15 = 961.30 ft 3
 Slurry volume prepared = 1.10 x 800 = 880 ft3
 Capacity of casing = 0.2331 ft3 / ft.
 Slurry inside casing = 0.2331 x 60 = 14 ft3
 Slurry in the annulus = 880 – 14 = 866 ft3
 Unfilled annular volume below 4000 ft = 961.30 – 866 = 95.30 ft 3
 Distance of cement top below 4000 ft = 95.30 / 211.6 x 1.15
 Distance of cement top below 4000 ft = 391.6 ft.
 Depth of cement top = 4000 + 391.6 = 4391.6 ft.
CEMENT SLURRY ADDITIVES
COMMON CEMENTING ADDITIVES:

A. Accelerators
B. Retarders
C. Light Weight Additives
D. Heavy Weight Additives
E. Lost Circulation Control Agents
F. Filtration Control Agents
G. Thinners- Viscosity reducing agents
H. Inert Solids
I. Water absorbers
A. J. Low solid Cross
 A: Accelerators
cement slurries to be used opposite shallow ,low temperature formations
require acceleration to shorten thickening time &to increase early
strength , particularly at formation temperatures below 100 ◦F . by using
accelerators , basic cements & good mechanical practices , in as little
as 4 hours a strength of 500 psi can be developed.
 The accelerators in common use are:
 (1) Sodium chloride:--- it is an effective accelerator for neat cement at
concentrations of 1.5--5.0℅ by wt.Of cement. 2 –3.5% gives maximum
acceleration except when slurries of high water ratio are used.
 (2)Calcium chloride:-- normally 2-4% calcium chloride, based on the
cement , used, depending on well conditions .
 (3)Gypsum:--it is used as an accelerator for Portland cements at
concentrations 20--100%, based on cement. Thickening times as short
as 5 minutes can be obtained with certain Portland – gypsum cement
blends.

 (B)Retarders
 In present day drilling ,bottom hole static temperatures from 170 ◦ – 500 ◦F or more
are encountered over a depth range of 6000 –25000 ft. To prevent the cement from
setting too quickly, retarders must be added to the neat cement slurries, which can
be placed safely to only about 8000 ft. Increasing temperature hastens thickening
more than increasing pressure dose . Retarders must be compatible with the
various additives used in cements as well as with the cement itself.
 The commercially available retarders are following:
 (1)Lignin retarders:--- They are generally used over a range of 0.1 –1.0 % by wt.
of a 94-lb sack of cement .They have been used very successfully in retarding
cement of all API classes to depths of 12000 –14000 ft. or where static bottom hole
temperature range from 260◦ – 290◦ F .
 (2) Carboxy methyl hydroxy ethyl cellulose(CMHEC) :--- It can be used at
concentrations up to 0.70% without the addition of extra water to control slurry
viscosity . The range of usage is usually from 0.1—1.5 % by wt. of the basic
cementing composition.
 (3)Saturated salt water :---Water saturated with salt can also be used as retarder.
But it should be taken care that salt water should not cause contamination.
 (C) Light weight additives
 Cement using the recommended amount of water will
have slurry weight in excess of 15 lb/gal. Many
formations will not support long cement columns of this
density. Consequently, additives are used to reduce the
weight of slurry. The additives also make the slurries
cheaper , increase yield and some times lower filter loss .


 The materials commonly used in cements as light weight

additives are following:--
 (1)Bentonite
 (2) Diatomaceous earth
 (3) Gilsonite
 (D)Heavy weight additives :
 To offset high pressures frequently encountered in deep wells cement slurry
of high density is required .To increase cement slurry density , an additive
should
 (a) have a sp. gravity in the range of 4.5--5.0
 (b) have a low water requirement
 (c) not significantly reduce the strength of the cement
 (d) have very little effect on pumping time of cement
 (e) exhibit a uniform particle size range from batch to batch
 (f) be chemically inert and compatible with other additives &
 (g) not interfere with well logging


 The most common materials used for weighting cements are -

 (1)Hematite
 (2) Barite
 (3) Ilmenite
 (E)Lost-circulation-control agents
 Usually there are two steps in combating lost
circulation . The first is to reduce the density of the
slurry, and the second is to add a bridging or
plugging material .Another technique is to add
nitrogen to the mud system.
 The materials for controlling lost circulation are
following:--
 Nylon fiber
 Cellophane
 Perlite
 Gilsonite
 (F)Filtration-control agents:-
 the filter loss of cement slurries is lowered with additives to
 prevent pre mature dehydration or loss of water against
porous zones , particularly in cementing liners
 protect sensitive formations
 improve sqeezed cementing

 The principle functions of filtration control additives are

 To form films or micelles, which control the flow of water from the
cement slurry & prevent rapid dehydration
 To improve particle size distribution which determines how liquid is held
or trapped in the slurry.


 The filtration control additives are following:

 Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC)
 Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
CEMENT SLURRY DESIGN: -
 Completion depths and well temperatures, hole conditions, and drilling
problems must all be considered in designing an oil well cementing
composition. The following factors affect cement slurry design:
 1. Well depth
 2. Well temperature
 3. Mud-column pressure
 4. Viscocity and water content of cement slurries
 5. Pumping or thickening time
 6. Strength of cement required to support pipe
 7. Quality of available mixing water
 8. Type of drilling fluid and drilling fluid additive
 9. Slurry density
 10. Heat of hydration
 11. Permeability of set cement
 12. Filtration control
 13. Resistance to down-hole brines
 Cement Calculations
 PRE-JOB CALCULATIONS
 The following calculations are required prior to a cement
job:
 (a)Lead and Tail slurry volumes mix water and additive
volumes
 (b)Total quantity of cement
 (c)Displacement volume
 (d)Hydrostatic pressure for various cement positions
 (e)Differential pressure at the end of cement displacement
 (f) Collapse pressure at the casing shoe at the end of
displacement.
 (g) The expected total volume of returns during the
cement job, and the expected overall
 increase in pit volume.
13 3/8 " Casing Cement Calculations
Calculate the cement volumes for a 13 3/8" casing using the following data:
• subsea well with seabed at 450 ft below Rotary Table (BRT)
• 16" hole (not 17.5")
• Total Depth (TD) is at 6000 ft MD
• 13 3/8" shoe at 5980 ft measured depth (MD)
• 13 3/8" casing is N-80,72 lb/ft, ID = 12.347 in
• 20" shoe at 2000 ft MD
• 20" casing is K55,133 lb/ft, ID = 19.73 in
• Top Of Cement (TOC) to be 500 ft inside 20" casing shoe
• Tail slurry to extend 500 ft above the 13 3/8" shoe
• The shoe track consists of 1 joint.
• 5" rillpipe, 19.5 lb/ft is used as the running string
You are required to base cement volumes on open hole volume plus 30% excess.
Slurry details
Lead Slurry
• Class G cement + 0.3 gals/sk extender + 0.2 gals/sk
retarder + 11.35 gals/sk
seawater.
• Yield = 1.99 ft3/sk
• Density = 13.0 ppg
Tail slurry
• Class G cement + 0.05 gals/sk retarder + 0.05 gals/sk
dispersant + 4.8gals/sk
freshwater.
• Yield = 1.13 ft3/sk
• Density = 16.00 ppg
Primary Cementing Of 7 " Production Casing
Hole depth = 13,900 ft
Hole size = 8.5 in
Casing Shoe = 13,891 ft
Mud weight = 11.6 ppg
Casing dimensions= OD/ID = 7 in/6.184 Grade C95 29#
Cement = cement column should be 6,562 ft long, as follows:
From shoe to 656 ft, use API Class G cement
From 656 ft to 6,562 ft, use API Class H cement with 2% bentonite and 0.3%
HR-4
(Note: HR-4 is a type of cement retarder)
To prevent contamination of cement by mud, 30 bbl of fresh water should be
pumped ahead
of the cement.
• Allow 15 min for release of plugs
• Shoe track: 80 ft
Calculate:
1) quantity of cement from each class;
2) volume of mix water;
3) total time for the job;
(Note: Mix cement at the rate of 25 sacks/min and displace cement at 300 gpm
4) pressure differential prior to bumping the plug;
5) annular velocity during chase;
6) total mud returns during the whole cementing operation.
From cementing tables (Halliburton or Dowell Schlumberger), the properties of
the two classes of cement including the additives are as follows: