INTRODUCTION TO DATA

SCIENCE
MODULE 3
BY Safi Kasongo
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE
LEARNING

• Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or

computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly
associated with intelligent beings.
 Machine learning (ML) is a discipline of artificial intelligence (AI) that
provides machines with the ability to automatically learn from data
and past experiences while identifying patterns to make predictions
with minimal human intervention.

 Machine Learning is the field of study that gives computers the ability to
learn without being explicitly programmed.

 Just like human being, ML enables computers learn how to do a given task
without being programmed to do so.
 APPLICATIONS OF AI

• Agriculture
• Some of the ways that AI is being used in agriculture include:
• Crop yield improvement: Analyzing data on soil conditions, weather patterns, and crop
growth with AI models and tools could help to develop strategies that can improve crop yields
• Cost reduction: Automating tasks with AI, such as harvesting and irrigation, which can
reduce labor costs
• Environmental protection: Monitoring and managing natural resources, such as water and
soil
• Health and Medicine
the technology is helping medical practitioners in analyzing trends or flagging
events that may help in improved patient diagnoses and treatment. ML
algorithms even allow medical experts to predict the lifespan of a patient
suffering from a fatal disease with increasing accuracy.
• Retail
Retail websites extensively use machine learning to recommend items based
on users’ purchase history. Retailers use ML techniques to capture data,
analyze it, and deliver personalized shopping experiences to their customers.
They also implement ML for marketing campaigns, customer insights,
customer merchandise planning, and price optimization.
• Entertainment:AI is extensively used in entertainment platforms such as
YouTube, Netflix and Amazon Prime Video to provide personalised
recommendations to users. By analysing user preferences, browsing history,
and behaviour, AI algorithms can suggest movies, TV shows, music, books,
and other content that users are likely to enjoy.
• Fitness: Smartwatches and fitness trackers equipped with AI algorithms
can provide users with valuable insights into their health and fitness. They
can monitor heart rate, sleep patterns, and activity levels, allowing users to
make informed decisions about their lifestyle.
• Gymbuddy AI is a mobile app that uses artificial intelligence to create
personalized workout programs for users. The app aims to offer enjoyable
and effective workouts tailored to each user's fitness level and goals.
 Types of Machine Learning

There are three types of machine learning which are

• Supervised machine Learning
• Unsupervised Machine Learning
• Reinforcement Machine Learning
 Supervised Machine Learning

This type of ML involves supervision, where machines are trained on labeled

datasets and enabled to predict outputs based on the provided training. The
labeled dataset specifies that some input and output parameters are already
mapped. Hence, the machine is trained with the input and corresponding
output. A device is made to predict the outcome using the test dataset in
subsequent phases.
• Supervised machine learning is further classified into two broad categories:
• Classification
• Regression
 • Regression: Regression algorithms handle
• Classification: These refer to algorithms that regression problems where input and output
address classification problems where the variables have a linear relationship. These are
output variable is categorical; for example, yes known to predict continuous output variables.
or no, true or false, male or female, etc. Real- Examples include weather prediction, market
world applications of this category are evident trend analysis, etc.
in spam detection and email filtering.
 Unsupervised Machine Learning

• Unsupervised learning refers to a learning technique that’s devoid of

supervision. Here, the machine is trained using an unlabeled dataset and is
enabled to predict the output without any supervision. An unsupervised
learning algorithm aims to group the unsorted dataset based on the input’s
similarities, differences, and patterns.
 Supervised machine learning is further classified
into two broad categories:

• Association: Association learning refers to

• Clustering: The clustering technique refers to
grouping objects into clusters based on
parameters such as similarities or differences
between objects. For example, grouping
customers by the products they purchase.
identifying typical relations between the
variables of a large dataset. It determines the
dependency of various data items and maps
associated variables. Typical applications
include web usage mining and market data
analysis.
 Suppose the unsupervised learning algorithm is given an input dataset
containing images of different types of cats and dogs.
 Unsupervised learning algorithm will perform this task by clustering the
image dataset into the groups according to similarities between images.
 Reinforcement Machine Learning

 Reinforcement Learning (RL) is the type of ML method that enables an

agent to learn in an interactive environment by trial and error using
feedback from its own actions. OR
A Machine learning based on rewarding desired behaviors and/or
punishing undesired ones.
 There is no labeled data, so the agent Learns from actions not from data
• Reinforcement learning approaches can be used to train computers to do
many tasks such as Controlling robot limbs
 Machine Learning process

1. Data Collection and Preparation:

• Data gathering: This involves collecting relevant data for the task at hand. The data
can come from various sources like databases, surveys, sensor readings, or web
scraping.
• Data cleaning and pre-processing: Raw data often contains errors, inconsistencies,
or missing values. This stage involves cleaning the data, handling missing entries, and
ensuring it's in a format suitable for the machine learning algorithm.
2. Model Selection and Training:
• Model selection: Choosing the right machine learning algorithm depends
on the type of problem you're trying to solve. Common algorithms include
decision trees, linear regression, support vector machines, and neural
networks.
• Training the model: The prepared data is divided into two sets: training
data and testing data. The training data is used to "train" the machine
learning model. The algorithm learns by analyzing patterns and
relationships within the training data.
• 3. Model Evaluation and Tuning:
• Model testing: The trained model is evaluated using the testing data. This
helps assess how well the model performs on unseen data and identifies
potential areas for improvement.
• Model tuning: Based on the evaluation results, the model can be further
tuned by adjusting its parameters or even trying different algorithms. The
goal is to optimize the model's performance and accuracy.
• 4. Deployment and Monitoring:
• Deployment: Once a satisfactory level of performance is achieved, the
model can be deployed into production. This means integrating it into an
application or system where it can be used to make predictions or
classifications on new, real-world data.
• Monitoring and maintenance: The deployed model's performance should
be monitored over time. As new data becomes available, the model might
need to be retrained or updated to maintain its effectiveness.
Training machines to recognize pattern