UNIT: FIRST AID

TRAINING
SUBUNITS:
• First aid
• Patient assessment in general
• Trauma related emergencies
• Splinting

By: PTE Ndayondjaya and PTE Nakambale

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 FIRST AID
2
OBJECTIVES

• Define first aid

• Roles of a first responder
• Primary survey and secondary survey
• Identify common trauma related emergencies

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3 WHAT IS FIRST AID

• First aid is the medical help offered to a sick or injured patient at the scene whilst waiting
for advance life supporters to arrive.
• The aim of first aid is to:
Save life
Prevent further injuries
Promote recovery

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4 THE ROLES OF THE FIRST RESPONDER

• Assess the situation

• Sort patients in order of priority
• Provide rapid, appropriate treatment
• Call for advance help
• Rapid transportation to the nearest appropriate hospital

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 PATIENT ASSESSMENT
5

• SCENE SIZE UP- HHH (hazards, hallo, help)

• PRIMARY SURVEY- ABCDE, VITAL SIGNS (medics)
• SECONDARY SURVEY- HEAD TO TOE SURVEY, HX TAKING(medics)

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 TRAUMA RELATED EMERGENCIES
6

• Chocking
• Bleeding
• Burns
• Poisoning

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CHOCKING
7

OBJECTIVES
• Define chocking

• Identify the causes of chocking

• Identify the signs and symptoms of chocking

• Identify the sequential approach to a chocking

person

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 CHOCKING CONTINUES……
8

• CHOCKING
• CAUSES: -foreign bodies ( aspirated blood, vomitus, coins, food)
-tongue
-airway tissue damage
• S/S: -unequal chest rise and fall
-wheezing/ no breaths sounds
-cyanosis

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 S/S OF CHOCKING CONTINUE…..
9

• Altered level of consciousness

• Dyspnea
• Inability to speak
• Gasping for air
• Universal chocking sign

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 MANAGEMENT OF CHOCKING
10

• Scene size up (your own safety first , safety of the scene than for the patient).
• Body substance isolation( gloves , mask, goggles, apron and turnout gear )
• Call for help
• Check if its partial or total blockage
• Ask the patient to try coughing to expel the object
• If its not successful do abdominal thrust
• Stand or knee behind the victim and wrap your arms around the victims waist.

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11 MANAGEMENT OF CHOCKING CONTINUES…

• Place the other hand over the fist

• Place the patient in the sniffing position
• Forcefully push inward and upward 5 times
• Reassess the patient every after 5 cycles and if the patient becomes unconscious switch to
CPR

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 12
BLEEDING

OBJECTIVES
• Define bleeding
• Identify the types of bleeding
• Identify the classes of bleeding
• Types of wounds
• Describe the management of external
bleeding including the use of a
tourniquet
• Pressure points
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 BLEEDING
13

Bleeding describes the loss of blood from the circulatory system due to a medical or
traumatic cause.

Traumatic causes of bleeding:

• Gunshot
• Penetrating objects
• Crushing injuries

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 TYPES OF BLEEDING
14

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 TYPE OF WOUNDS
15

• Abrasions
• Punctures
• Avulsion
• Lacerations
• Burns
• Amputations
• Fractures

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MANAGEMENT OF EXTERNAL BLEEDING
16
INCLUDING THE USE OF A TOURNIQUET

• Locate the wound and expose if covered

• Apply direct pressure
• Apply a pressure bandage
• Locate and press down on the pressure point
• Apply a hasty tourniquet (NB: INDICATE TIME OF APPLICATION AND INFORM
RECEIVING FACILITY)

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 PRESSURE POINTS
17

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 18
BURNS

OBJECTIVES
• Define burn
• Classify burns by depth(degree)
• Describe the management of burns

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 BURNS
19

A burn is a devastation/injury to body tissues caused by exposure to heat, chemical,

electricity and radiation.

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20

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21 MANAGEMENT OF BURNS

THERMAL BURNS
• Remove casualty from the source of burn.
• Ignite flames with water or if there is no water let the casualty roll in sand
• Assess for inhalation injuries
• Call for advance help

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 MANAGEMENT OF BURNS CONTINUE…….
22

CHEMICAL BURNS
• Brush of dry chemicals before flushing it
• If its liquid, immediately flush it off
• If its in the eyes flush from inside the eyelids outwards

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 MANAGEMENT OF BURNS CONTINUE………..
23

ELECTRICAL BURNS
• Remove cause if you can
• Don’t touch electrical appliances with bare hands or wet object
• Use a broom stick to remove patient
• Assess for entrance wound(smaller) and exit wound (bigger) and apply dry non sticky
dressing.
• Call for advance help

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24

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 FRACTURES
25

OBJECTIVES
• Define a fracture
• Differentiate between a closed and
open fracture
• Define a splint
• Identify the principles of splinting
• Identify the types of splinting

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 FRACTURES
26

• A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone, there are open and closed fractures.
• A closed fracture is a fracture with no break seen on the outside of the skin.
• Whilst in an open fracture the skin is not intact.

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 FRACTURES CONTINUE……
27

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF A MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES:

FRACTURE
• Deformation • Stop bleeding
• Swelling • Immobilize the injured limb
• Protruding bone • Elevate above the level of the heart
• Discoloration • Cover the casualty to prevent
hypothermia

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 SPLINTING
28

A splint is a device that is used to maintain the position of the injured limb thus, is to prevent
further injury.
Principles of splinting:
• Use light in weight splints
• Broad and long enough
• A splint should allow the assessment of circulation
• Distal and proximal joints must be immobilized
• A splint should be firm and covered with soft material

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 PRINCIPLES OF SPLINTING:
29

• Use light in weight splints

• Broad and long enough
• A splint should allow the assessment of circulation
• Distal and proximal joints must be immobilized
• A splint should be firm and covered with soft material

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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPLINTS AND THEIR
30 USES

• Sam splint
• Traction splint
• Broom stick
• Plank
• Pillow
• Blanket

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OBJECTIVES
31

• Define poison
• Describe how poisons enter
the body
• What is a snake bite and how
is it managed?

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32 WHAT IS POISON

• Poison is any substance whose chemical action can damage body structures or impair
body function

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 HOW POISONS ENTER THE BODY
33

• Inhalation
• Injection
• Ingestion
• Absorption

MANAGEMENT:
• Assess the surrounding for empty bottles
• Position patient
• Call for advance help

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 SNAKE BITES
34

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35 OBJECTIVES

• Signs and symptoms of a snake bite

• Management of snake bites
• Don’ts of a snake bit

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 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SNAKE BITES
36 • Severe pain around the bite
• Swelling, bruising, bleeding from the bite
• Bite mark on the skin
• Anxiety
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Blurred vision
• Dyspnea
• Difficulty swallowing

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 MANAGEMENT OF SNAKE BITES
37

• Keep calm
• Get the person away from the snake
• Let the patient rest
• Call an ambulance
• Apply pressure bandage to immobilize the injured limb

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38 WHAT NOT TO DO WHEN YOU ENCOUNTER A
SNAKE BITE
Do not:
• Wash the area
• Apply tourniquet
• Cut the wound
• Suck the venom

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