NUMBER AND NUMBER

SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER

AND NUMBER THEORY
DISHELLE ANNE T. HUFANA, LPT, MSTM
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• understand the key concepts and skills of the Curriculum content
of Mathematics Education for the intermediate level in the K-12
BEC,
• explain the importance of key concepts and skills of the
Curriculum content of Mathematics Education for the
intermediate level, and
• perform the given activities accurately.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 ACTIVITY:
Number Theory
Whole Numbers
Odd
Even

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 QUESTION:

• What are the words found in the puzzle?

• As a teacher, are these words important to learn in teaching
mathematics? Why do you say so?

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 WHAT ARE WHOLE NUMBERS?

• Whole numbers are the set of numbers that include zero and all
the positive numbers that we count with, like 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.
What this set doesn’t include are negative numbers and
numbers that are expressed as fractions or decimals. In other
words, whole numbers include zero and all positive integers.
The set of whole numbers goes on forever.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 WHAT ARE WHOLE NUMBERS?
• The term “whole number” is sometimes used interchangeably
with “natural number,” although the set of natural numbers (or
counting numbers) does not include zero. There is some debate
about whether or not zero is a whole number.
• Moreover, Whole numbers are a combination of positive
numbers and zero. When you put the number zero with all the
counting numbers (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…), you create whole numbers.
Whole numbers can continue until infinity, or without end.
Whole numbers cannot be negative. Also, a whole number cannot
be a fraction or a decimal.
PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 WHAT ARE WHOLE NUMBERS?

• If you're looking at a number line, all the numbers starting at

zero and going to the right are whole numbers.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 NUMBER THEORY
• branch of mathematics concerned with properties of the positive
integers (1, 2, 3, …). Sometimes called “higher arithmetic,” it is
among the oldest and most natural of mathematical pursuits.
• Number theory has always fascinated amateurs as well as
professional mathematicians. In contrast to other branches of
mathematics, many of the problems and theorems of number
theory can be understood by laypersons, although solutions to
the problems and proofs of the theorems often require a
sophisticated mathematical background.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 NUMBER THEORY
• Until the mid-20th century, number theory was considered the
purest branch of mathematics, with no direct applications to the real
world.
• The advent of digital computers and digital communications
revealed that number theory could provide unexpected answers to
real-world problems. At the same time, improvements in computer
technology enabled number theorists to make remarkable advances
in factoring large numbers, determining primes, testing conjectures,
and solving numerical problems once considered out of reach.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 NUMBER THEORY

• Modern number theory is a broad subject that is classified into

subheadings such as elementary number theory, algebraic
number theory, analytic number theory, geometric number
theory, and probabilistic number theory. These categories
reflect the methods used to address problems concerning the
integers.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 ELEMENTARY NUMBER THEORY

• is the branch of number theory in which elementary methods

(i.e., arithmetic, geometry, and high school algebra) are used to
solve equations with integer or rational solutions.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
 ACTIVITY

1. Why do decimals and fractions are not considered to be whole

numbers?
2. In your own words, what is your understanding about
Number Theory?

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
GROUP ACTIVITY: After learning this lesson, reflect on how it can be learned by
your future pupils in a more effective, creative, and meaningful way. discuss your:

1. Motivational Activity. I will use

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________
2. Teaching Strategy. I will employ
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________
3. Mode of Assessment. I will administer
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: WHOLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THEORY
NUMBER AND NUMBER
SENSE: FRACTIONS AND
DECIMALS
DISHELLE ANNE T. HUFANA, LPT, MSTM
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• understand the key concepts and skills of the Curriculum content
of Mathematics Education for the intermediate level in the K-12
BEC,
• explain the importance of key concepts and skills of the
Curriculum content of Mathematics Education for the
intermediate level, and
• perform the given activities accurately.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 FRACTIONS

• are numbers used to refer to a part of a whole. This includes

measurements that cannot be written as whole numbers. For
example, the width of a piece of notebook paper is more than 8
inches but less than 9 inches. The part longer than 8 inches is
written as a fraction. Here, you will investigate how fractions
can be written and used to represent quantities that are parts
of the whole.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 IDENTIFYING NUMERATORS AND
DENOMINATORS
• A whole can be divided into parts of equal size. In the example
below, a rectangle has been divided into eight equal squares.
Four of these eight squares are shaded.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 IDENTIFYING NUMERATORS AND
DENOMINATORS
• The shaded area can be represented by a fraction. A fraction is written
vertically as two numbers with a line between them. The denominator (the
bottom number) represents the number of equal parts that make up the
whole. The numerator (the top number) describes the number of parts that
you are describing. So returning to the example above, the rectangle has
been divided into 8 equal parts, and 4 of them have been shaded. You can
use the fraction .... to describe the shaded part of the whole.
• In ...., the 4 is the numerator and tells how many parts are shaded. The 8 is
the denominator and tells how many parts are required to make the whole.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 PARTS OF A WHOLE

• The “parts of a whole” concept can be modeled with pizzas and

pizza slices. For example, imagine a pizza is cut into 4 pieces,
and someone takes 1 piece. Now, of the pizza is gone and
remains. Note that both fractions have a denominator of 4,
which refers to the number of slices the whole pizza has been
cut into.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 PARTS OF A WHOLE

• The “parts of a whole” concept can be modeled

with pizzas and pizza slices. For example,
imagine a pizza is cut into 4 pieces, and
someone takes 1 piece. Now, of the pizza is gone
and remains. Note that both fractions have a
denominator of 4, which refers to the number of
slices the whole pizza has been cut into.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 DECIMAL NUMBERS

• are numbers whose place values are based on 10s. Whole

numbers are actually decimal numbers that are greater than or
equal to zero. The place-value chart can be extended to include
numbers less than one, which are sometimes called decimal
fractions. A decimal point is used to separate the whole number
part of the number and the fraction part of the number.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 DECIMAL NUMBERS
• Let’s say you are measuring the length of a driveway and find that it is
745 feet. You would say this number is seven hundred forty-five. Then,
a more accurate measurement shows that it is 745.36 feet. Let’s place
this number in a place-value chart. What you want to examine now are
the place values of the decimal part, which are the numbers and in the
chart below.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 DECIMAL NUMBERS
• Notice how the place-value names start from the decimal point. To the left
of the decimal point are the ones, tens, and hundreds places, where you
put digits that represent whole numbers that are greater than or equal to
zero. To the right of the decimal point are the tenths and hundredths,
where you put digits that represent numbers that are fractional parts of
one, numbers that are more than zero and less than one.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 READING THE DECIMALS
• The easiest way to read a decimal number is to read the decimal
fraction part as a fraction. (Don’t simplify the fraction though.)
Suppose you have 0.4 grams of yogurt in a cup. You would say,
“4 tenths of a gram of yogurt,” as the 4 is in the tenths place.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 READING THE DECIMALS
• Note that the denominator of the fraction written in fraction
form is always a power of ten, and the number of zeros in the
denominator is the same as the number of decimal places to the
right of the decimal point.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 ACTIVITY
• Direction: Give the fraction of each word problem:
1. Joaquin bakes a blueberry pie for a potluck dinner. The total pie
is cut into six equal slices. After everybody eats dessert, only
one slice of the pie remains. What fraction of the pie remains?
2. C

3. What is the place value of 3 in 4, 279. 386?

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

 ACTIVITY

4. What is the place value of 6 in 4, 279.386?

5. Write 4.379 in word form?
6. Give the decimal notation of the fraction
7. Give the decimal notation of the fraction
8. Give the word form of the decimal 2.50.
9. Give the word form of the decimal 0.917.
10. Give the word form of the decimal 11.6521.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

NUMBER AND NUMBER
SENSE: RATIO AND
PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND
INTEGERS
DISHELLE ANNE T. HUFANA, LPT, MSTM
 RATIOS
• are used to compare amounts or quantities or describe a relationship
between two amounts or quantities. Ratios compare quantities using
division. This means that you can set up a ratio between two
quantities as a division expression between those same two
quantities.
• For example, a ratio might be used to compare the number of cars to
the total number of boxes as presented in our picture earlier. Another
example is it can be used to compare the elephants to the total
number of animals in a zoo, or the amount of calories per serving in
two different brands of ice cream.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 RATIOS
• are used to compare amounts or quantities or describe a
relationship between two amounts or quantities. Ratios compare
quantities using division. This means that you can set up a ratio
between two quantities as a division expression between those same
two quantities.
• For example, a ratio might be used to compare the number of cars to
the total number of boxes as presented in our picture earlier.
Another example is it can be used to compare the elephants to the
total number of animals in a zoo, or the amount of calories per
serving in two different brands of ice cream.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 RATIOS
• From the given picture, you can write the ratio using words, a
fraction, and also using a colon as shown below.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 RATIOS

• Ratio of cars to boxes:

Fraction Form

Using Word
7 to 14
Using a Colon

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 RATIOS

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 PROPORTION

• is an equation that states that two ratios are equal. If you know
one ratio in a proportion, you can use that information to find
values in the other equivalent ratio. Using proportions can help
you solve problems such as increasing a recipe to feed a larger
crowd of people, creating a design with certain consistent
features, or enlarging or reducing an image to scale.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 PROPORTION
• When two ratios are equal, a proportion is formed. For example, =
or = . Meanwhile, 9 and n are the extremes, while 324 and 15 are
the means.
• Solution
• =

So,. Thus, the product of the means is equal to the product of the
extremes.
PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 PROPORTION
Write the proportion.

• Another example Form a cross products. Then

is to identify multiply.
whether the ratios
Since both products are equal,
are proportion. therefore the given ratio are
proportion.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 PERCENT

• Percent comes from the Latin term per centum which means
per hundred. Percent is the ratio that compares a number to
100. You can write percent as a fraction with a denominator of
100. The symbol is called the percent sign. In general, the
notation means .

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 WRITING A FRACTION AS PERCENT

• Write an equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100. Or

think of a number that, when multiplied by the denominator
will result to 100. Multiply the same number by the numerator.
Then, write as percent

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 WRITING A FRACTION AS PERCENT

• Example:

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 WRITING A FRACTION AS PERCENT

• Example:

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 WRITING A PROPORTION AS PERCENT

• A proportion can also be used to express a fraction to percent.

Consider the given example below.
• Example: Change to percent.
• Solution: Write a proportion wherein the fraction is equivalent to .
Find the value of by getting the product of the extremes and the
means.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 INTEGERS

• are like whole numbers, but they also include negative numbers
... but still no fractions allowed!

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 INTEGERS

• Integers can be negative positive or zero

• We can put that all together like this:
• Integers = Integers can be positioned and ordered on a number
line. From the number line above, we can see that a positive
integer is greater than zero. Similarly, negative integers are less
than zero.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS
 INTEGERS

• Let’s have some examples of integers used in a situation.

1. The temperature is 18°C below 0.
2. The altitude is 75m above sea level.
3. The corals are 15m below sea level.

PRELIM LESSON 2: NUMBER AND NUMBER SENSE: RATIO AND PROPORTIONS, PERCENT AND INTEGERS