Kapitulo 5

Ang mga Lagda sa

mga Katingog
The Rule on Consonants
 PASIUNA
● Specifically, this deals with the rules involved in the consonants of this language. The
consonants b, k, d, h, l, m, n, ng, p, r, s, t, w, and y are being treated here. These rules
are based on the work of the batidila (grammarian) of the Binisaya-Sinugboanon
language, Cesar P. Kilaton Jr., as well as on the work of the late Bishop Manuel Yap,
Webster’s Contemporary School & Office Thesaurus; Spanish dictionary.com is also
consulted for this matter, and other electronic sources.
● If English and Bisaya-Sinugboanon alphabets are compared, the difference is in the
constants c, f, j, q, v, x, and z. These seven consonants are found in the English alphabet,
but not in the Binisaya-Sinugboanon alphabet. However, there are consonants in the
Binisaya-Sinugboanon language that are phonetically close to these English
consonants. Thus, rules on the use of Binisaya-Sinugboanon alphabet are standardized
by batidila (grammarian) Cesar Kilaton Jr., the Bisaya Magazine, the Akademiyang
Bisaya.
 2
Ang Mga Katingog (The
Consonants)
Here are the rules on the use of the
consonants of the Binisaya-Sinugboanong
language.
 2.1 Katingog nga B (Consonant B)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon consonant b is used in place of the consonant v of
the foreign language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
avion - abyon (airplane) Eve - Eba
vacio - basiyo (empty) solve - solbad
vamonos - bamonos (let’s go) stove - estob
visto - bisto (seen) groove - grub
vivo - bibo (alive) vote - boto
 2.2 Katingog nga K (Consonant K)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon consonant k is used in place of the consonant c of the
foreign language, when it is pronounced as, or sounded like, k.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
calle - kalye (street) back - bak
cobrar - kobra (to collect) lock - lak
color - kolor (color) pack - pakete
cuenta - kuwenta (count) sack - sako
culto - kulto (cult) truck - trak
Lagda 2 (Rule 2):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon ke is used in place of the que of the words of foreign
language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
ataque - atake (attack) mosque - moske
banquero - bangkero (banker) cheque - tseke
empaque - empake (pack)
querida - kerida (concubine)
Lagda 3 (Rule 3):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon ki is used in place of the qui of the words of foreign
language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
biquini - bikini (bikini) quinientos - kinyintos (five hundred)
caqui - kaki (kaki) liquid - likido (liquid)
quiebra - kibra (reduce) maquinaria - makinarya (machinery)
quilate - kilates (karat) requisa - rekisa (inspect)
quimica - kimikal (chemical) quinto - kinto (fifth)
Lagda 4 (Rule 4):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon ks is used in place of the consonant x of foreign
words, except when x is the beginning of the word.

Examples:
English Binisaya-Sinugboanon Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
mixture - mikstyur exegesis - eksedyesis (exegesis)
taxi - taksi existir - eksist (exist)
sexy - seksi oxegeno - okseheno (oxegen)
axle - aksol (ehe) exorcismo - eksorsismo (exorcism)
exit - eksit
boxer - bakser
epoxy - epoksi
Lagda 5 (Rule 5):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon kuwa is used in place of the cua of the word of
foreign language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
acuario - akuwaryum (aquarium) cuadrado - kuwadrado (square)
cuarto - kuwarto (forth) cualidad - kuwalidad (quality)
cuadro - kuwadro (frame)cuatro - kuwatro (four)
cuaderno - kuwaderno (notebook)
Lagda 6 (Rule 6):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon kuwe is used in a place of the cue of the words of
foreign language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
recuerdo - rekuwerdo (memory) cuerda - kuwerdas (string)
secuestar - sekuwester (sequester) cueva - kuweba (cave)
Lagda 7 (Rule 7):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon kwi is used in place of the cui of the words of
foreign language.

Examples:
English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
acuity - akwiti
biscuit - biskwit
cuisine - kwisin
Lagda 8 (Rule 8):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon ksiyon is used in place of the xion of foreign words.

Examples:
English Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
complexion - kompleksiyon prefixion - prepiksiyon
crucifixion - krusipiksiyon genuflexion - dyenupleksiyon
suffixion - suspiksiyon fluxion - pluksiyon
 2.3 Katingog nga D (Consonant D)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon dy is used in place of the ge or gi of foreign
words, when it is pronounced as, or sounded like j.

Examples:
English Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
giant - dyayant gigolo - dyigolo
giraffe - dyirape gin - dyin
gilbeys - dyilbes gibe - dyayb
logic - lodyik (ladyik) magic - madyik
regid - redyid register - redyister
manager - manedyer vigilante - bidyilante
Lagda 2 (Rule 2):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon dy is used in place of the gy of foreign words, when
it is pronounced as, or sounded like j.

Examples:
English Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
allergy - alerdyi gymnasium - dyimnasyum
biology - bayolodyi gypsum - dyipsum
clergy - klerdyi gym - dyim
Lagda 3 (Rule 3):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon dy is used in place of the j of the words of foreign
language.

Examples:
English Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
jewel - dyewel journal - dyurnal
joke - dyok junior - dyunyor
object - obdyek subject - sabdyek
 2.4 Katingog nga H (Consonant H)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon h is used in place of the letter g of foreign words,
when it is pronounced as, or sounded like, h.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
agencia - ahensiya (agency) original - orihinal
agente - ahente (agent) regimen - rehimen
digito - dihito (digital) region - rehiyon
imagen - imahen (images)
tragedia - trahedya (tragedy)
 2.5 Katingog nga L (Consonant L)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon letter ly is used in place of the double letter ll of the
words of foreign language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
apellido - apelyido (surname)
cuchillo - kutsilyo (knife)
martillo - martilyo (hammer)
lamparilla - lamparilya (blowtorch)
barandilla - barandilya (railing)
empella - empelya (vamp)
Lagda 2 (Rule 2):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon letter l is used in place of the double letter ll of the
words of foreign language.

Examples:
English Binisaya-Sinugboanon Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
hallway - holwey estrella - estrelya (star)
spelling - espeling llamado - lyamado (call)
pollution - polyusyon llave - lyabe (key)
rebellion - rebelyon rollo - rolyo (roll)
refill - repil silla - silya (chair)
small - esmol tornillo - tornilyo (screw)
shell - syel
 2.6 Katingog nga M (Consonant M)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon m is used in place of the n of some Spanish words.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
convocation - kombokasyon (convocation)
confortable - komportable (comfortable)
convencer - kombenser (to convince)
conviccion - kombiksiyon (conviction)
conventir - kombertir (to convert)
convoy - komboy (convoy)
conforme - komporme (to conform)
 2.7 Katingog nga N (Consonant N)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon ny is used in place of ñ (enye) of Spanish words.

Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
Español - Espanyol (Spanish)
señora - senyora (lady)
añejo - anyeho (old, wine)
señal - senyal (signal)
paño - panyo (handkerchief)
engaño - engganyo (delusion, inspired)
muñeca - munyeka (doll)
puñeta - punyeta (hell, damn it)
Lagda 2 (Rule 2):
When the ñ (enye) is followed by a diphthong, such as ia, the Binisaya-
Sinugboanon letter n is used for ñ and the ia is inserted with the letter y.

Example:

compañia - kompaniya
Lagda 3 (Rule 3):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon ñ of the names of persons and places, or proper
nouns, is retained.

Examples:
Person Place Proper Noun
Mr. Aliño Biñan Battle of Coruña
Mrs. Daña Las Piñas Español
Dr. Nuñez Muñoz La Niña
Sir Cariño Osmeña Boulevard Sto. Niño
Atty. Zuñaga Parañaque Dominos Años (A.D.)
 2.8 Katingog nga P (Consonant P)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon letter p is used in place of the letter f of the words
of foreign language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
bufalo - bupalo (buffalo) affirm - apirm
café - kape (coffee) beefloaf - biplop
defecto - depekto (defect) effort - eport
efectivo - epektibo (effective) rooftop - ruptap
falda - palda (skirt) fabricate - pabrikeyt
familia - pamilya (family) factory - paktori
 2. 9 Katingog nga R (Consonant R)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon letter r is used in place of the letter l of some
Spanish words.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
calzada - karsada (road)
cuartel - kuwarter (barracks)
malo - maro (bad, cunning)
Lagda 2 (Rule 2):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon letter r is used in place of the double letter rr of
the words of foreign language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
barrio - baryo (neighborhood/village)
barril - baril (barrel)
carro - karo (car, shopping cart)
serrar - sera (to close)
torre - tore (tower)
 2.10 Katingog nga S (Consonant S)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon letter s is used in place of the letter c of foreign
words.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
acete - asite (oil) acid - asid
cacerola - kaserola (saucepan) ceremony - seremoni
cocinero - kosinero (cook) certificate - sertipikeyt
ciudad - syudad (city) cesarean - sesaryan
decicion - desisyon (decision) cymbal - sambal
docena - dosena (dozen) cyst - sist
Lagda 2 (Rule 2):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon letter s is used in place of the letter z of the
words of foreign language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
azucar - asukar (sugar) zigzag - sigsag
azul - asul (blue) zinc - singk (sin)
bazar - basar (bazaar) zone - son
juzgar - husgar (judge) zoom - sum
lazo - laso (tie, lasso) zoology - sulodyi/sulohiya
Lagda 3 (Rule 3):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon sya is used in place of the cia and tia of foreign words,
when the letter s of sya in the native translation is preceded by a vowel.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
hospitia - ospisya (hospital)
militia - milisya (military)
notia - notisya (notice)
acacia - akasya (acacia)
ilumenacia - ilumenasya (illumination)
facial - pasyal (facial)
Lagda 4 (Rule 4):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon siya is used in place of the cia and tia of foreign
words, when the letter s of siya in the native translation is preceded by a consonant.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
agencia - ahensiya (agency)
distancia - distansiya (distance)
ambulancia - ambulansiya (ambulance)
precencia - presensiya (presence)
dementia - demensiya (dementia)
inertia - inersiya (inertia)
Lagda 5 (Rule 5):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon syo is used in place of the cio and tio of foreign words,
when the letter s of syo in the native language is preceded by a vowel.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
lacio - lasyo (withered)
nacionalidad - nasyonalidad (nationality)
negocio - negosyo (business)
servicio - serbisyo (service)
patio - pasyo (courtyard)
ratio - rasyo (proportion)
Lagda 6 (Rule 6):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon siyo is used in place of the cio and tio of foreign
words, when the letter s of siyo in the native language is preceded by a consonant.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
anuncio - anunsiyo (announcement)
inocencio/a - inosensiyo/a (innocent)
silencio - silensiyo (silence)
gentio - hensiyo (crowd)
plantio - plansiyo (plot)
Lagda 7 (Rule 7):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon syon is used in place of the cio and tio of foreign
words, when the letter s of syon in the native language is preceded by a vowel.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
ambicion - ambisyon (ambition)
aplicacion - aplikasyon (application)
adoracion - adorasyon (adoration)
feliciation - pelisyasyon (felicitation)
exultation - eksultasyon (exultation)
reprobation - reprobasyon (reprobation)
Lagda 8 (Rule 8):
The Binisaya-Sinugboanon siyon is used in place of the cion and tion of foreign
words, when the letter s of siyon in the native language is preceded by a consonant.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
accion - aksiyon (action) abortion aborsiyon
adopcion - adapsiyon (adoption) addiction adiksiyon
attencion - atensiyon (attention) affection apeksiyon
attraccion - atraksiyon (attraction) corruption korapsiyon
convencion - kombensiyon (convention) friction priksiyon
conviccion - kombiksiyon (conviction) portion porsiyon
 2.11 Katingog nga T (Consonant T)

Lagda 1 (Rule 1):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon ts is used in place of the ch of foreign words, when
it is pronounced as, or sounded like, cha/che/chi/cho.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon English Binisaya-Sinugboanon
leche - letse (milk) chair - tseyr
cuchillo - kutsilyo (knife) challenge - tsalens
macho - matso (manly) chocolate - tsokoleyt
fecha - petsa (date) channel - tsanel
echa - etsa (throw) champion - tsampiyon
ochenta - otsenta (eighty) chastity - tsastiti
 2.12 Katingog nga Y (Consonant Y)

Lagda 2 (Rule 2):

The Binisaya-Sinugboanon letter y is used in place of the letter i in the nia
of the words of foreign language.

Examples:
Spanish Binisaya-Sinugboanon
kleptomania - kleptomanya (kleptomania)
insomnia - insomya (insomnia)
insignia - insinya (insignia)
pneumonia - nyumoniya (pneumonia)
GROUP 2 MEMBERS

Ella Alumar B. Modelo

Michelle Mae G. Neri
Angel Mhay Manimog
Allyza Dorothy Lendio
Bridget L. Pamugas
Guiller Mae Rosales
Michelle Mae Pada
Julie Ann Badayan
Gretchin Cariman
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