INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

RIGHTS

Dr.V.VIJAYALAKSHMI
Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
Erode Sengunthar Engineering College
Erode
IMRAD Outline

1.Introduction. provide research question. explain

the significance. ...

2.Methods. describe your methods for gathering

information. explain your sources of information,
both primary and secondary.

3.Results. describe what you found out from your

research. ...

4.Discussion. explain the significance of your

findings.
 Reproducibility

Reproducibility, also known as replicability and repeatability, is a

major principle underpinning the scientific method. For the findings
of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an
experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a
data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability
when the study is replicated.

There are different kinds of replication. but typically replication

studies involve different researchers using the same methodology.
Only after one or several such successful replications should a result
be recognized as scientific knowledge.
With a narrower scope, reproducibility has been introduced in
computational sciences: Any results should be documented by
making all data and code available in such a way that the
computations can be executed again with identical results.

In recent decades, there has been a rising concern that many

published scientific results fail the test of reproducibility, evoking a
reproducibility or replication crisis.
ACCOUNTABILITY
Ethics in research is a set of principles and values that must underline
all aspects of the research process.

For ethical use of animals in science “The 3 Rs” have been used for
guiding researchers and reviewers and, in many countries, are explicit
in legislation governing animal use. They include:
1. Replacement: methods that avoid or replace the use of animals in
research.
2. Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to obtain
comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain
more information from the same number of animals.
3. Refinement: use of methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain,
suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals used.
In summary, it is our responsibility as researchers, scientists and carers
to ensure the utmost ethical standards in all aspects of research
involving human and animal subjects
 ETHICS AND ETHICAL ISSUES

Ethics is defined as a moral philosophy or code of morals

practiced by a person or group of people

The main controversies in animal ethics are these:

•Experiments on animals.
•Rearing and killing animals for food.
•Rearing and killing animals for fur/leather goods.
•Hunting.
•Entertainment.
•Zoos.
•Pet-keeping.