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Kul 2 Biomolekul-Farmasi.240224
Kul 2 Biomolekul-Farmasi.240224
Soraya Rahmanisa
Department of Biochemistry
& Molecular Biology
Faculty of Medicine
University of Lampung
1
Which four elements make up about 96% of
living matter?
1. carbon, hydrogen,
81%
nitrogen, oxygen
2. carbon, sulfur,
phosphorous,
hydrogen
3. carbon, oxygen,
sulfur, calcium
13%
4. oxygen, hydrogen,
4%
calcium, sodium 2%
1 2 3 4
An atom of nitrogen attracts electrons more strongly than an atom of
hydrogen. Which of the following best describes ammonia (NH3)?
1. 6; ionic
2. 6; covalent
3. 4; ionic
4. 4; covalent
1 2 3 4
Atoms to Molecules
In our model of scale, remember that the marble
represented a small monomer, such as glucose.
Functional Groups
Functional groups
determine how a
molecule will
interact with other
molecules.
1. Polarity
2. Non-polarity
1 2
If you see oxygen or nitrogen in the structure of an
organic molecule, expect that area to be:
50% 50%
1. Polar
2. Non-polar
1 2
One glucose molecule alone is a
monomer.
Two or more
glucose molecules
linked together can
make a polymer.
Dehydration Synthesis
Two glucose
molecules ...can bond together
(monomers)... to make maltose
(dimer).
Hydrolysis
A dimer such as
...can be broken apart
maltose, or any
into its constituent
other polymer...
monomers.
Making/Breaking Molecules
Monomers or
Polymers?
The process The process
occurring between occurring between
C and A is: A and C is:
Hydrolysis Dehydration
Synthesis
Monomer or
Polymer?
In our model of scale, large chain molecules (polymers) are
represented by the cat.
Carbohydrates
Monomers
Simple sugars, such as
glucose, are the
monomers of complex
carbohydrates.
Hemp
Cotton
Rayon
Dietary
Linen “fiber”
What do you see in the structure of cellulose that tells you that
it is a carbohydrate?
Pectin
In general, how
can we describe
complex
carbohydrates?
White death?
Some people claim that sugar is harmful, toxic, or
addictive. Is it?
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-sugar-affects-the-brain-nicole-avena
Fake sugar?
Complex carbohydrates are:
1. Polymers of simple 50% 50%
sugars.
2. Monomers of
simple sugars.
1 2
True or false: Sugars and starch have a lot of
fat in them.
1. True 50% 50%
2. False
1 2
W
O
• Look around you. What are some R
specific examples of carbohydrates that K
are in this room right now?
T
• List some specific carbohydrates that O
G
you ate for breakfast. Not the foods that
E
they were in – name the carbohydrates T
themselves. H
E
R
Lipids
Label a methyl group and a hydroxyl group on one of
the fatty acids. What are some properties of these
groups?
What process do
you see
happening here to
create these ester
bonds between
the fatty acid
chains and the
glycerol in this
triglyceride?
Lipids that are solid at
room temperature are
composed mostly of
saturated fatty acids.
1 2 3
Why can’t you mix oil and water?
1. Oil floats on water.
93%
2. Oil is more dense
than water.
3. Oil is non-polar,
while water is
polar.
4. Oil is an organic
molecule, while
water is not. 7%
0% 0%
1 2 3 4
Which of these is the largest object?
2. A fatty acid.
3. A phospholipid.
4. A cell membrane.
1 2 3 4
Proteins
Monomers
DNA contains the code that instructs the cell machinery to put
amino acids together in a particular order to make a particular
protein. As long as the DNA contains the correct code, the protein
will function. Mistakes in the code (mutations) change the order
of amino acids, which changes the structure of the protein, which
prevents the protein from carrying out its function.
True or False: Meat is an example of a
protein.
1. True: Meat is an
85%
important dietary
protein.
2. False: Meat is muscle
tissue that is made up
of many different
proteins, lipids, and
other molecules.
15%
1 2
___ bonds are responsible for primary structure of
proteins, while ___ bonds contribute to the secondary
structure.
1. Ionic; covalent 42%
2. Peptide; hydrogen
3. Peptide; covalent
26%
4. Hydrogen; ionic
21%
12%
1 2 3 4
When we say “proteins are made of amino
acids,” it means that:
1. Proteins are larger 33% 33% 33%
than amino acids.
2. Amino acids are
larger than
proteins.
3. Both amino acids
and proteins are
about the same
size.
1 2 3
W
O
R
• List some examples of specific proteins K
– again, not foods that contain proteins,
T
but specific proteins.
O
G
• Why are there so many different kinds
E
of proteins? T
H
E
R
Nucleic Acids
Monomers
Is this a
nucleotide of
DNA or RNA?
How can you tell?
Nucleotides link together to form nucleic acids. The sugars
bind to the phosphate groups to form the backbone of the
chain.
DNA is two strands of
nucleotides side-by-side.
Adenosine
triphosphate, the
universal energy
carrier, is a single
nucleotide (adenine)
with two extra
phosphate groups
attached.
DNA is found inside of the nucleus
of a:
1. Cell 33% 33% 33%
2. Atom
3. Both
1 2 3
Try to fill in this table from memory:
Complex Starch,
Simple sugars
Carbohydrates Cellulose, etc.
Hemoglobin,
Amino acids Proteins
Keratin, etc.