Prof. Renrich C.

Taypa
Registered Criminologist
Certified Criminal Justice
Specialist
Master of Management in
Criminal Justice
 The greater number of similarities or
dissimilarities, the greater is the
probability for the conclusion to be
correct.
Alphonse Bertillion = Father of
Personal Identification. The first to
devised a scientific method of
identification called Anthropometry.
Fingerprints was first used in China
before the birth of Christianity. They
called it Hua Chi.
 Distance of Recognition
 Broad Daylight

• 25 yards = Almost a stranger

• 100 yards = never seen even once

• Moonlight
 16 to 17 yards
• Starlight
 10 to 13 yards
OTHER METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
• Characteristics that may easily be
changed:
 Growth of hair, beard and
mustache;
 Clothing;
 Frequent place of visit;
 Grade or profession;
 Body Ornamentation such as
earrings, necklace, rings, bracelets,
watch and others.
 • Characteristics that may not easily be
changed.
 Mental memory
 Speech
 Gait or manner of walking (ataxic,
cerebellar, cow’s, paretic, spastic,
wadding, and frog’s gait).
 Mannerism
 Hands and feet
 Complexion
 Face
 Eyes
 Body built
 Left or right handedness
 Degree of nutrition
Identification applicable to both
living and dead person.
• Occupational Mark
• Race
• Stature
• Teeth (Odontology =identification
through dental record)
• Tattoo Marks
• Scar marks
• Birth marks
• Deformities
• Moles
• Injuries living a permanent result
• Tribal marks
• Sexual Organs ( Presence of Testes
and Ovaries)
• Blood Grouping (A-B-AB-O System)
and
 Typing (M-N-MN)
• Handwriting ad signature
• Anthropometry
• Fingerprint
• DNA fingerprinting
 Anthropometry = the first scientific
method of identification which was
established by Alphonse Bertillion
(Father of Personal Identification). It is a
system of identification done through
measuring various bony structure of the
human body. It was first used in England
for almost two decades (20 years) before
fingerprint was used. Records shows that
Anthropometry was questioned due to the
famous “West Case”, a case of two
persons (Will West and William West)
of the same face and almost exactly the
same height.
Bertillionage System
1. Nehemiah Grew (1684)
- describes the ridges and
pores of the hands
and feet (Philosophical
Transaction) presented in Royal
Society of London, England.
2. Govard Bibloo
-works on the sweat pores
and ridges.
3. Marcelo Malpighi (1628-1694)
-Professor at the University of
Bolognia, Italy,
known for his discovery of the
Epidermis and Dermis layer. Written
the book entitled “ De Externo Tactus
Organo” Father of Dactyloscopy.
4. J.C.A. Mayer (1788)
-the first to state that
fingerprints are never duplicated in
two persons ( Anatomiche
Kuphertafeln).
5. Johannes Purkenjie (1823)
- Professor at the University of
Breslau, Germany.
Established a certain role for
classification and be able to identify
nine (9) types of pattern although
never associated to identification
6. Herman Welcker
-took his own fingerprints twice
with a lapse of forty-one years and
show the ridges formation remains
the same.
7. William Herschel
-the first to advocate the
use of fingerprints as substitute
for signature from among
Indian native to avoid
impersonation.
8. Rajadhar Konai
-the first person Herschel
printed the palm.
9. Francis Galton
- Developed the Arch. Loop
and Whorl Patterns as general
classification and identified nine
(9) types of pattern. First to
established a Civil Bureau of
Personal Identification. He said
that the possibility of two prints
being alike was
1:65,000,000,000.
10. Edward Richard Henry
- Developed the Henry System
of Classification at Scotland Yard
which was accepted by almost all
English-speaking country. Known as
Father of Fingerprint.
- Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque
and Rai Hem Chandra Bose – the two
Hindu police officers who have help
Henry in attaining his goal.
11. Juan Vucetich
- A Spanish counterpart of
Henry who developed his own
system of classification in Argentina
and was accepted in almost all
Spanish Speaking country.
 Gilbert Thompson = a
geologist in New Mexico,
adopted the first individual
use of fingerprint in august 8,
1882 as a protection to
prevent tampering with the
pay order.
 Isaiah West Tabor =
Photographer in San Francisco
who advocated the use of the
system for the registration of the
immigrant Chinese.
 Samuel Langhorne Clemens
= An Englishman who informally
introduced Dactyloscopy in the
United States in his book “ Life in
the Mississippi” and “ Pupp n
Head Wilson”.
 Francis Galton
 Dr. Henry p De Forest = Utilized the
first Municipal Civil use of fingerprint for
Criminal Registration on December 1902
(Mun. Civil Service Comm., New York).
 Capt. James L. Parke = Advocate th
first state and penal use of fingerprint
adopted in SingSing prison on June 5,
1903 later on Auburn Napanoch and
Clinton Penitentiaries.
 Sgt. John Kenneth Ferrier = First
fingerprint instructor at St. Louis Police
Dept. Missouri.
 Maj. R. Mc Cloughry = warden
of the Federal Penitentiaries of
Leaven Worth. Established the
first official National Government
use of fingerpprint.
 Mary K. Holand = first
American instructrees in
dactyloscopy.
 FBI = identification unit
herein was officially established
by an act of congress in 1924.
 Institute of Applied Science
= First private school to install
laboratories for instruction
purposes in dactyloscopy.
 People vs. jenning, Dec. 21,
1911 = United States leading
case wherein the first conviction
based on fingerprint was
recognized by the judicial
authorities (14 points).
 Mr. Jones = one who first taught FP in
the Phils. (1900)
 Bureau of Prison = (1968) CARPETAS
fingerprint was used.
 Generoso Reyes – First Filipino
Fungerprint Technician employed by P.C.
 Isabela Bernales – first filipina
Fingerprint Technician
 Capt. Thomas Dugan, New York Police
Dept. and Flaviano Guerrero, FBI
Washington – gave the first examination
in FP in 1927 and Agustin Patricio of the
Phils. Top the Examination
 People of the Phils. Vs. Medina- First
conviction base on Fingerprint and leading
case decision in the Phil. Jurisprudence
(10 points).
 Plaridel Education Institute (PEI) now
known as Phil. College of Criminology, first
government recogniaed school to teach
the Science of Fingerprint and other Police
Sciences.
 John Dellinger – known U.S. public
enemy number one who attempt to
destroy his own prints using corrosive
acids.
 Robert James Pitts – works on
Surgery to forged his own fingerprints
and was named “Man without
fingerprint”
 Lucila Lalu – the first filipina
Chop-chop lady who was identified
through fingerprint.
 Alphonse Bertillion – known as the
Father of the first scientific method of
Identification (Anthropometry)
Definition
 Dactyloscopy – (derived from

the Latin words Dactyl =

finger and Skopien – to study
or examine) is the practical
application of the science of
fingerprints.
 Dactylography – is the

scientific study of fingerprint

as a means of identification.
 Dactylomancy – is the
scientific study of fingerprint
for purposes of personality
interpretation.
 Dermatoglyphics = is the
science which deals with the
study of skin pattern. It is
derived from two Greek
words, Derma which means
Skin and Glype which means
Carve.
1. Individuality
-No two persons have the same
fingerprint (based on Statistic
Probability)
2. Infallibility
-That fingerprint is a positive
and reliable means of identification.
It cannot be easily be forged.
3. Constancy or Permanency
-That the friction ridge once fully
developed its arrangement will
remains the same throughout man’s
life.
Is an impression design by the
first joint of the fingers and
thumb on smooth surface
through the media of ink, sweat
or any substance capable of
producing visibility.
1. Chiroscopy
-( Greek word “ Cheir” –
a hand, “Skopien” –to
examine) is the science
which deals with the study
of the prints of the palms of
the hand.
2. Podoscopy
-( Greek word “Podo” – the
foot, and Skopien – to
examine)is the science which
deals with the study of the
footprints.
3. Poroscopy
-(Greek word “poros” – a
pare, and “Skopien” – to
examine) is the scientific study
of the arrangement of the sweat
pores. (Edmond Locard- Father
of Poroscopy)
 Phalange
-is the skeletal finger covered with
friction skin. It is made up of three bones.
1. Basal or proximal phalange
- it is located at the base of the finger
nearest the palm.
2. Middle phalange
- the next and above the basal done.
3. Terminal phalange
- the particular bone covered with
friction skin, having all the different types
of fingerprint patterns and it is located near
the tip of the finger.
 Friction Skin
- is an epidermal hairless skin found
on the ventral or lower surface of the hands
and feet covered with ridges and furrows.
(Also called as Papillary skin).
Ridges Furruws
1. Ridge surface
a. Ridge – the elevated or hill
like structure/ the black lines with
tiny white dots.
b. Furrow – the depressed or
canal like structure/ the white space
between ridges.
2. Sweat pores – the tiny opening/ the
tiny white dots.
3. Sweat duct – the passage way.
4. Sweat glands – the producers of
sweat.
1. Epidermis – the outermost layer
a. Stratum Corneum,
b. Stratum mucosum

2. Dermis – the inner layer

containing the blood vessel,
dermal papillae, various glands
and nerves.
 Ridge Formation – (Ridges starts to form in the
fingers and thumb during the 3rd to 4th months of
the fetus life.)
 Dermal Papillae - are irregular pegs composed
of delicate connective tissue protruding and forming
the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes and
soles of the feet.
 Ridge Destruction – destruction of the friction
skin can either be temporary or permanent.
Generally temporary destruction occur when only
the epidermis layer of the friction skin has been
damage, while permanent damage can be injected to
the friction skin due to damage to the dermis layer.
General Rules on Ridge Destruction
a. Destruction of the Epidermis – temporary,
dermis – permanent damage.
b. Cut - a depth of more than 1 mm will
constitute permanent scar.
 Groups or Families of Fingerprint
• Three (3)
• Arch (2) Loop(2) Whorl (4)
 Plain Radial Plain, Central,
 Tented Ulnar Double &
Accidental

Types of Pattern (under the

Galton/Henry System)
=== 9 types
Types of Pattern at present (Galton-
Henry System with FBI modification
and extension)
=== 8 types
1. The Arch (5%)
a. Plain Arch (A) – is a
pattern in which the ridges
flows from one side to the
other side with a slight raise
at the center.
b. Tented Arch (T) – is
a type of pattern having
either an angle, uptrust or
an incomplete loop form.
 Types of Tented arch
 Angle type = a tented arch with a
short vertical ridge forming an angle
of 90 degrees or more.

 Uptrust= a horizontal ridge that

makes a sufficient rise at the center.

 Incomplete loop = similar to a loop

with missing one or two elements.
Plain arch and Tented arch
2. The Loop (60%)
Elements of loop
1. A core 3. A sufficient Recurve
2. A delta
4. At least one Ridge count
a. Radial Loop (RH=/. LH=\) is
a type of loop pattern in which
the slanting or looping ridge
flows towards the thumb finger.
b. Ulnar Loop (RH=\, LH=/) is
a type of loop pattern in which
the slanting or looping ridge
flows towards the little finger.
Radial =Left Hand (\) Right Hand (/)
Ulnar = Left hand (/) Right Hand (\)
3. The Whorl (35%)
Basic Elements of Whorl
1. Two or more Deltas
2. At least one complete circuiting ridge
a. Plain Whorl (W)
- At least one circuiting ridge is touched
or crossed by the imaginary line
traversing between the two deltas.
b. Central Pocket Loop Whorl
- No circuiting ridge within the pattern
area is touched or cross by an imaginary
line drawn between the two deltas.
c. Double Loop Whorl
1. Two separate loop formation
2. Two Separate and distinct
shoulder
3. Two deltas
d. Accidental Whorl
1. A combination of two
different patterns with the
exception of the plain arch.
2. Two deltas
 Whorl Family

Plain Whorl Central pocket Loop Whorl

Accidental Whorl
Basic Types of Ridges (Ridge dot, Short
ridge, Ending ridge and bifurcation)
1. Ridge Dot (island ridge) – refers to a
ridge formation in a form of a dot or
period.
Fragment = not more than 1 mm.
2. Converging Ridge – two ridges that
meets at a certain point

3. Diverging Ridge – two ridges that

spread apart
4. Bifurcation – a ridge formation in
which a single ridge splits or divides
into two or more ridges. Resembling a
fork shape

5. Enclosure or Lake ridge (Eyelet)– a

single ridge that divides into two but
does not remain open and meet at a
certain point to form the original
single ridge.
6. Short ridge = more than 1mm but
less than 1 cm.
7. Ending ridge – it refers to an abrupt end
of a ridge
8. Type lines – is a diverging ridge that
tends to surround the pattern area and
serves as a basic boundary of fingerprint
imprression.
9. Pattern Area – is a part of a loop of
whorl pattern surrounded by the type
lines and consisting of the delta, the
core and other ridges.
10. Recurving ridge – a single
ridges that curves back to the
direction where it started.

11. Sufficient Recurve – a

recurving ridge which is
complete with its should and
free from any appendage.
12. Appendage – is a short ridge
found at the top or summit of a
recurve.

13. Rod or Bar – is a short or long

ridge found inside the recurve and
directed towards the core
14. Obstruction ridge – is a short
ridge found inside the recurve
which blocks the inner line of flow
towards the core.
1. The Delta (also called the outer
terminus) is a point along a
ridge formation found at the
center or near the center of the
diverging type lines.
2. The Core (also known as the
heart or the inner terminus)
usually found at the center or
innermost recurve.
1. Rolled Impression – are fingerprint
impression taken individually by
rolling each finger from one side to
the other side and from the tip to
the end of the first joint.
2. Plain Impression – are impression
made by simultaneously pressing
the finger to the card, use as a
reference to classification.
Thumb Index Middle Ring Little
2 4

1 3 5
6 8 10

7 9
1. Ink Slab – is a metallic or glass plate where
the ink is spread for purpose
2. Ink Roller – is a rubber made roller designed
to spread the fingeprint ink to the slab.
3. Fingerprint Ink – is a special form of ink
designed for taking fingerprint impression
sometimes submitted with a printer’s ink.
4. Fingerprint card – is an 8” x 8” card
designed for recording fingerprint
impression
5. Card holder – usually a fixed card holder
placed in a flat table designed to prevent the
movement of the card in the course of the
taking of the fingerprint
1. Subject should be instructed to
stand straight but relax facing the
slab.
2. The subject hand should be
completely dry
3. Thumb fingers are rolled towards
the body while other fingers are
rolled away from the body.
 Magnifying Glass = Refers to an instrument
used for examination of developed prints:
 Two common types of magnifying lenses:
 Linen Tester = having an opening one inch
square, with fixed focus, and which can be
folded and carried in the pocket when
necessary.
 Bausch & Lomb Magnifier = (also known as
Horse Shoe Magnifier) a magnifying glass with
a built in stand and an adjustable lens to suit
the visual sight of the examiner.
 Fingerprint Powders = Refers to the
powder used in developing latent prints found
in the scene of crime; They are normally
found in two: the black and the white or gray,
which is applied depending upon the
contrasting background.
 Fingerprint Brushes = refers to an
instrument used for powdering latent prints.
There are three variations of brushes used: the
fiberglass, magnetic and feather type.
 Fingerprint lifting tapes = Refers to a tapes
used for lifting of developed latent prints which
is quite harder than an ordinary tapes. It has
three varieties: the frosted, rubber and
transparent.
Latent Prints Transfer Cards =Refers to a
card used in preserving lifted latent prints
which is either white or black in background.
1. Checking= verifying the sequence or
proper placement of the rolled
impression using the plain impression.

2. Blocking-out
- is the process if placing under
each pattern the letter symbols
representing their pattern
interpretation prior to the actual
classification formula.
 Classification formula
 Primary = represented by numerical value
assigned to whorl
 Secondary = combination of capital and
small letters (rat).
 Sub-secondary = ridge counting and ridge
tracing of whorl and loop on the index,
middle and ring fingers.
 Major = derived from both thumb
 Final = derived from both little finger.
Placed on extreme right.
 Key = ridge count of the first loop except
little finger, placed on the extreme left.
 CLASSIFICATION FORMULA

a. Primary Division - Always represented by

a numerical value assigned to whorl patterns
depending on what finger they appear.
Arch and Loop are non-numerical patterns.
A, T, / \ = Zero (0)

Whorl patterns.(WCDX)
Finger 1 and 2 Right Thumb and Right Index (16)
Finger 3 and 4 Right middle and Right Ring (8)
Finger 5 and 6 Right little and Left Thumb
(4)
Finger 7 and 8 Left Index and Left middle (2)
Finger 9 and 10 Left Ring and Left Little (1)
 The sum of the numerical value assigned to even
number of
finger represent the numerator and the sum of the
assigned value
to odd number represent the denominator Plus the
Pre-established fraction of l/1 to complete the
primary.

b. Secondary – Represented by Capital

and small letter combination based on
interpretation made during the blocking.
Capital letter – derived from the index
fingers which can be (A, T, U, R,
W, C, D or X).
Small letter – derived from the thumb,
middle, ring and little fingers.

It only includes the radial loop (r), plain arch (a)

and tented arch (t). “rat”
 c. Sub-secondary Division – derived
by ridge counting of loop and ridge
Tracing of whorl found at the index, middle
ring fingers only.
c.1 Ridge Counting of Loop
Index Finger 1 to 9 Ridge Count = I
10 or more =
0
Middle Finger 1 to 10 Ridge Count = I
11 or more =0
Ring Finger 1 to 13 Ridge Count = I
14 or more =0
Ridge counting = the process of counting the
ridge cross by the line from delta to core.
Incipient Ridge = ridge that is so thin or fine,
not included as a ridge count.
c.2 Ridge Tracing of Whorl ( counting the
intervening ridges between the tracing
ridge and right delta.)
Inner Whorl (I) When the tracing goes
above or inside the right delta and there
are three (3) or more intervening ridges.

Outer Whorl (O) when the tracing ridge

goes below or outside the right delta and
there are three (3) or more intervening
ridges.
Meeting Whorl (M) when there are only
two or less intervening ridge/s

c.3 Plain Arch and Tented Arch are

 d. Major Division (Taken from
Thumb fingers only)
d.1 Whorl = Ridge tracing = I, O,
or M.
d.2 Loop = Ridge Counting = S, M or L
Table 1 Table 2
1 to 11 = S 1 to 17 = S
12 to 16 = M 18 to 22 = M
17 or more = L 23 or more = L
d.3 Arch = dash (-)
 e. Final Division (derived from the little
fingers only).
e.1 Loop and Whorl are both subject to ridge
counting.
Radial or Ulnar
Plain or Central pocket loop Whorl = will be
treated as an ulnar loop.
Double loop Whorl – get the ridge count of the
top loop
Accidental Whorl = get the least ridge count.
e.2 Arch = dash (-)
f. Key Division = derived by getting the ridge
count of the first (l) loop except the little
fingers. In the absence of the loop, the first
whorl will be ridge counted for the purpose.
 Reference Classification Formula
- is an additional formula serve as
a reference in case of doubtful
prints. Place the bottom of the
classification formula.
 Latent Prints
- prints found at the scene of the
crime.
Chance Prints
- Prints left on surface accidentally or
unconsciously.
- Smudged Prints

- - prints made by sliding motion of

the finger.
- Fragmentary Prints

- - Partial prints impression.

1. Visible prints - are those prints which are
readily visible to the naked eye. It can
either be: Molded prints or Prints made
by contamination with colored
substance.
2. Invisible prints - prints that are generally
made by sweat or perspiration that
requires developing for visibility.
Factors Affecting Stability or Prints at the
Crime Scene
a. Subject Factor
b. Nature of the surface
c. Climatic Condition
1. Dusting Method - considered as the simplest and
traditional methods used in developing prints at
the scene of the crime. (Use of Powder and
Brush)
2. Rolling Method - basically used in developing
prints in paper done by simply rolling the paper
with powder spreading in its surface.
3. Fuming Methods - done by using chemical fumes
such as Iodine and Ammonium Fumes.
4. Silver Nitrate Method – done by spraying a 5
percent solution of silver nitrate to the surface of
the paper.
5. Ninhydrin Method - is considered as one of the
best method used in developing prints in paper.
6. Laser Method - is a modern method of tracing
and developing prints.
 Post Mortem Fingerprints
- are prints taken from a
diseased person.