Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2 Development Approach First Class
Chapter 2 Development Approach First Class
APPROACHES
Contents
LEP( Labor Based , Environment Friendly and Participatory)
Community Management, Role of Engineer as Facilitator
Ethnographic Approach to Collect Information
Key Features of Infrastructure Development Policies of Nepal
Participatory Approach as Community Empowerment
Participatory Tools, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informants
Interview.
Participatory Observation, Structured Questionnaire
Resource Mapping, Wealth Ranking , Poverty Definition
LEP Approach
The Labor-Based, Environmentally Friendly, and Participatory Approaches (LEP) is cost
effective & sustainable approach mostly used in local infrastructure development in Nepal.
L = Labor Based
- local employment
E = Environment Friendly
- Sustainability
P = Participatory
- Public awareness
- Ownership
- Public Contribution
Features of LEP Approach
Work is done by human labor using simple hand tools i.e. avoiding use of
heavy equipment.
Use of explosives is discouraged.
The work is achieved in a participatory manner involving local communities
and organizations. However, works involving skilled manpower may be
undertaken through local competitive bidding (LCB).
Local resources and materials are used.
Field based innovation rather than classroom based learning
Strengthening links with local research organization & other sources of
technology.
Advantages/Disadvantages of LEP
Approaches
Advantages
Temporary employment opportunities for locals.
Utilization of local resources.
Low Environmental hazards
Sense of ownership amongst locals.
Disadvantages
Very time consuming process
Conflict among Participatory
Chances of fund embezzlement.
LEP Approach
Example of LEP
Bottom-up Development
Bottom-up development is where decisions about development are made by local
people.
They get support from outside organizations, but decisions are not enforced on
them.
Ethnographic Approach to Collect
Information
Greek Words: Ethnos- People, graphis- Writing (Description of people/
culture)
Ethnography is a research process based on field work using variety of
research techniques (Observation, Interview, collection of data etc.) which
includes engagement in the lives of those being studied over an extended
period of time.
Ethnographers are interested in how the behavior of individual is influenced
by culture in which they live.
Human behavior can only be understood if studied in the setting in which it
occurs as people can influence and be influenced by the group they live in.
For eg, “Studying college students during break time”
Principle of Ethnographic Approach
Contextual: The research is carried in the context in which subjects
normally live & work.
Unobtrusive: The research avoids manipulating the phenomena under
investigation.
Longitudinal: the research is relatively long.
Collaborative: The research involves the participation of stakeholders
other than researcher.
Organic: There is interaction between questions/hypothesis & data
collection.
Features of Ethnographic Approach
To complete ethnographic research, the person must live among the people
you are studying, and observe, take notes and obtain a variety of perspectives
on what you are researching. Learning the local language is imperative in
communicating with locals as well as understanding verbal and literary
culture without translation.
Ethnography can focus on revealing something about culture though a
Members of the target population or the community may not agree with
the organization.
One determined individual can disturb the whole process if he's not
handled well.
It may be difficult to assure that all the right people get to the table.
everyone's part.
Participatory Approach: Focus Group
Discussions
What is a Focus Group?
Qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their