MAXWELL EQUATIONS

Maxwell’s Equations in point form

Maxwell Equations in Integral Form
 GAUSS'S LAW—MAXWELL'S THIRD EQUATION
Gauss's law stales that the total electric flux through any closed surface is equal
to the total charge enclosed by that surface.

By applying divergence theorem

Comparing the two volume integrals

which is the Third Maxwell's equation and states that the volume charge density is
the same as the divergence of the electric flux density.
 Ampere’s Circuit Law-Maxwell's first equation

The line integral of the tangential component of H around a closed path is the same as the net
current Ienc enclosed by the path.

By applying stoke theorem to the left-hand side of above equation

But

Hence

This is ampere's law in differential (or point) form and also known as first Maxwell's
equation
For time-varying fields,

Since divergence of the curl of any vector is zero. Hence:

or

but

Hence

or

Hence

This is Maxwell's first equation for a time-varying field.

The term is known as displacement current density and J is the conduction
current density. At low frequencies, Jd is usually neglected compared with J. However, at
radio frequencies, the two terms are comparable.
Magnetic flux lines always close upon themselves. This is due to the fact that it is not
possible to have isolated magnetic poles (or magnetic charges). Thus the total flux through
a closed surface in a magnetic field must be zero.

This equation is referred to as the law of conservation of magnetic flux or Gauss's law for
magnetostatic fields
1. The magnetostatic field is not conservative but magnetic flux is conserved.
2. By applying the divergence theorem to above equation

This equation is the fourth Maxwell's equation

Conversion of a vector into Phasor form
 Important Property

Proof
 Maxwell Equations For Time Varying Sinusoidal Fields

For free space

 Helmholtz Equations or Wave Equations

Where , γ2 = (σ + jωε) (jωμ)

α = Attenuation constant or attenuation factor of medium (dB per unit length)

β = Phase constant or wave numberof medium (Radian per unit length)
Proof of Helmholtz Equations or Wave Equations

Maxwell’s equations for sinusoidal time variation fields, are

Taking the curl of both sides of equation (2)

……………….5
Applying the vector identity
………………..6
to the left-hand side of equation (2) and using equations (1) & (3)

………………7
 UNIFORM PLANE WAVES
Properties:-
•Sinusoidal time variation of fields
•Direction of wave, direction of electric field and direction of magnetic field are
perpendicular to each other
•No electric and magnetic field components in direction of wave propagation i.e if
wave propagation is along Z-axis then Ez =Hz =0
•Electric and magnetic field components have no dependence on the transverse
coordinates i.e if wave propagation is along z-axis then electric and magnetic field
components have no dependence on the transverse coordinates x, y and are
functions only of z, t.
•Non-zero electric and magnetic field components are dependent on each other
if wave propagation is along Z-axis then
(Ex/Hy) = - (Ey/Hx) = η
if wave propagation is along X-axis then
(Ey/Hz) = - (Ez/Hy) = η
if wave propagation is along Y-axis then
(Ez/Hx) = - (Ex/Hz) = η
Where, η is intrinsic impedance of medium and given by
 Wave solution for Uniform plane waves
If waves propagating along the z-direction then x-component of electric field and y-
component of magnetic field are

Proof
Since fields have no dependence on the transverse coordinates x, y and are
functions of only z, t. Thus

E(x, y, z, t) = E(z, t) and H(x, y, z, t)= H(z, t)

The gradient, divergence, and curl operations take the simplified forms,
 Maxwell’s Equations,

if we assume that the EM wave propagates along Z-axis and Es has only an x-
component, then

Wave equations are

 or

This is a linear homogeneous differential equation with solution

by using Maxwell's equations

Where
 PLANE WAVES IN FREE SPACE

In free space

So

If wave propagation is along Z-axis, Electric and magnetic field components are
 PLANE WAVES IN LOSSLESS DIELECTRICS
In a lossless dielectric,

Where
μr = Relative permeability constant of medium
εr = Relative permittivity constant of medium

If wave propagation is along Z-axis, Electric and magnetic field components are
 PLANE WAVES IN GOOD CONDUCTORS

A perfect or good conductor is one in which

If wave propagation is along Z-axis, Electric and magnetic field components are
 Skin depth or Penetration depth
As E (or H) wave travels in a conducting medium, its amplitude is attenuated by the factor
The distance δ through which the wave amplitude decreases by a factor e-1 (about
37%) is called skin depth or penetration depth of the medium; that is,
Example
Example
 Assignment

1.

2.
 POYNTING THOREM
The net power flowing out of a given volume is equal to the lime rate of decrease in the
energy stored with in volume minus the conduction losses.

The various terms in the equation are identified using energy-conservation arguments for
EM fields.
The first term on the right-hand side is the rate of decrease in energy stored in electric
and magnetic fields. he second term is the power dissipated.
The quantity E X H on the left-hand side of is known as the Poynting vector in watts per
square meter (W/m2). The integration of the Poynting vector over any closed surface gives
the net power flowing out of that surface.
PROOF OF POYNTING THOREM
but J = σ E hence
 POYNTING VECTOR
The quantity E X H is known as the Poynting vector Ρ in watts per square meter (W/m2)

It represents the instantaneous power density vector associated with the EM field at a
given point. Ρ is normal to both E and H and is along the direction of wave propagation for
uniform plane waves
If

Then

and instantaneous Poynting vector

 The time-average Poynting vector Ρave(z) (in W/m2)

Or

The total time-average power crossing a given surface S is given by