ELE4202: Power Engineering II

By
Engr. Dr. Mamunu Mustapha, MIEEE, MNIEEE, MNSE, COREN-Reg

Office: Deputy-Dean’s Office, Old FAENG Office Complex.

Phone: 08036505481 (Call and WhatsApp)
E-Mail: mamunu33@mail.com

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 Acknowledgement
• I acknowledged contributions from the following:
1. Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal (Authors of Power Systems Analysis 2nd Ed)
2. Prof. Tom Overbye (Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A&M
University)
3. Department of Electrical Engineering (Veer Surendra Sai University Of
Technology, Burla)
4. Prof. Mohd Wazir Bn Mustapha (UTM, Johor, Malaysia)
• References:
1. Power Systems Analysis 2nd Ed by Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal (Authors of)
2. Power Systems Analysis by Hadi Saadat
3. Power Generation, Operation and Control by Allen J. Wood, Bruce F.
Wollenberg and Gerald B. Sheblé.

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 Course Outline:
2. System Voltage Control and Regulation:
a. Basic Concept of Voltage Compensation on Radial Lines
b. Transformer Tap Changing
c. Generator Voltage Control
d. Power Triangle
e. Power Factor Correction

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 AC power analysis

• Average power:

• Average power in terms of RMS (or effective) values:

• Complex power:

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 Power triangles
• Complex power (rectangular • Presented graphically:
form):

• Real (average) and reactive

power:

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 Power factor (pf)
• Power factor:

• Load impedance:
• Magnitude:
V
ZL 
I
• Angle:
Z L  V   I

Z L   v   i
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 Effect of pf on power delivery
• If v - i  0, we have some
reactive power that is not
consumed by the load
• The current provided to the load
is higher than necessary
• Results in additional power
dissipated during delivery
• Power companies don’t like this!

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 Power factor correction
• Power companies may require that users maintain a
minimum power factor
• e.g. pf > 0.9
• Most large loads are inductive in nature
• e.g. inductive motors
• Power factor correction may be necessary
• The approach must be inexpensive & simple to implement
• Adding a capacitor in parallel with the inductive load
will increase the power factor
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 Power factor correction cont
• We have an inductive load with • The power triangle is shown
some power factor cos1: below:

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 Power factor correction cont
• We can increase the power factor • The power triangle then becomes:
by adding a capacitor in parallel
with the load:

V + ZL ZC
-

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 Example 1
For the circuit below, determine:
(a) the complex power delivered by the source
(b) the average power delivered by the source

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 Example 1
• Outline problem on previous slide:
• 1. find equivalent impedance
• 2. find source current
• 3. complex power = VI*/2
• 4. Average power = (Vm*Im/2)*cos(thetav-thetai)

(a) Determine the

complex power
delivered by the
source

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 Example 1
(b) Determine the average power delivered by the source

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 Example 2 – power factor correction
For the circuit below if
(a) Determine the power factor
(b) Re-design the circuit so that pf = 1

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 Example 2

Example 2a – Determine pf

Example 2b – Re-design circuit so that pf = 1

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