FIRE & GAS SYSTEM

BY:- Chandra Mohan Singh

 CONTENT
• OVERVIEW
• ARCHITECTURE
• FIRE & SMOKE DETECTOR
• GAS DETECTOR
• OUTPUT DEVICES
• CLEAN AGENT SYSTEM

02
 OVEREVIEW

Requirement of F&G System-----Why???:-

1. Texas Refinery explosion
The Texas City Refinery explosion occurred on March 23, 2005, when a vapor cloud of natural
gas and petroleum ignited and violently exploded at the isomerization (ISOM) process unit at the BP Texas
City refinery in Texas City.

03
 OVEREVIEW
Requirement of F&G System-----Why???:-
2. Piper Alpha explosion
Piper Alpha was an oil platform located in the North Sea approximately 120 miles (190 km) north-east of Aberdeen,
Scotland.
Piper Alpha exploded and sank on 6 July 1988, killing 165 of the men on board, 30 of whose bodies were never recovered

04
 OVEREVIEW
Requirement of F&G System-----Why???:-
3. Bhopal Gas Tragedy
On December 3 1984, more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India,
immediately killing at least 3,800 people and causing significant morbidity and premature death for many thousands
more.
The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a chemical accident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union
Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. The industrial disaster is considered the world's worst in
history. Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. The highly toxic substance made its way into and around the
small towns located near the plant. Estimates vary on the death toll.

05
 OVEREVIEW
Requirement of F&G System:-
1. Fire & Gas detection is mainly used to monitor areas where hazardous levels of gas
or flammable substance that are not normal present at normal operation.
2. They are design in such a way to give early warning of building up of gas or fire
before it become hazard to people, infrastructure and environment.
3. Various national and international laws exist that demand the use of fire or gas
detection to protect people and plant.
4. Insurance companies may not provide cover to businesses that cannot prove that
they have taken appropriate safety measures to detect hazardous gases and
detection of flame, smoke, heat or fire.

06
 OVEREVIEW
Hazard in Refinery & Petrochemical:-
1. Toxic
- Risk of poisoning.
e.g. Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S), Ammonia (NH3), Chlorine (CL2), Carbon Monoxide (CO).

2. Flammable
- Risk of Fire or Explosion
e.g. Methane, Propane, Butane.

3. Asphyxiant
- Risk of Suffocation
e.g. Oxygen Deficiency, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide.

4. Heat
- Risk of heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat rashes, Dehydration.
e.g. Rise in temperature.
07
 OVEREVIEW
Fire Triangle:-

Three factors are always needed to cause combustion-

1. Source of ignition
2. Oxygen
3. Fuel in the form of gas or vapour

08
 OVEREVIEW
Limits of Flammability:-
1. Lower of Flammable/Explosion Limit(LFL/LEL)-
 The minimum concentration of a gas or vapour mixed in air that will burn.
 Below this concentration the mixture will not burn (“TOO LEAN”).
 Expressed as a percentage of the gas in air.

2. Upper of Flammable/Explosion Limit(UFL/UEL)-

 The maximum concentration of a gas or vapour mixed in air that will burn.
 Above this concentration the mixture will not burn (“TOO RICH”).
 Expressed as a percentage of the gas in air.

09
 ARCHITECTURE
FAS-

10
ARCHITECTURE

11
 FIRE & SMOKE DETECTOR
1. Manual Call Point(MCP)
2. Optical Smoke Detector(DSO)
3. Multi-sense Smoke Detector(DSM/MD)
4. Heat Detector(HD)
5. Linear Beam Detector(LD)
6. IR Flame Detector(FD)
7. UV/IR Flame Detector(UVIR)

12
 Manual Call Point(MCP)

Installed Quantity :- 957

Manufacturer :- SCHRACK
Model Number :- MCP 545X-3R
Location :-Plant Perimeters, Plant ISBL Piperack, Exit points of
SRR/Substation/Control Room, Analyser House

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 Manual Call Point(MCP)
Types of MCPs-

1. Break glass type

2. Resettable element type

To activate MCPs manual interaction required 14

 Smoke Detector

Installed Quantity :- 7443

Manufacturer :- SCHRACK
Model Number :- MTD 533X
Location :- SRR, Substation, Control Room, Analyser House

15
 Smoke Detector

Principle of Optical Smoke detector is scattered of Light.

Multi-sense Smoke Detector is the combination of Heat and Optical.

16
 Heat Detector

Installed Quantity :- 446

Manufacturer :- MEDC
Model Number :- HD1
Location :- Battery Room, Pantry, Chemical House

17
 Heat Detector
Types of Heat detector-
1. Fixed Heat detector:-
i) Point type
ii) Linear Heat Detector
2. Rate of Rise Heat detector

18
 Heat Detector
1. Fixed Heat detector:- Fixed Temperature Heat Detector works when
the heat exceeds a pre-determined temperature, the bi-metal deflects and closes
the contact, triggering the fire signal. Generally Set point of fixed temperature
heat detectors are 55°C.

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 Heat Detector
i) Point type:- Point detectors are small and cover limited area.
ii) Linear Heat Detector:- These are linear sensing device usually protecting
larger area.

20
 Heat Detector
Rate of Rise Heat detector:- Rate-of-Rise (ROR) heat detectors operate on a
rapid rise in element temperature of 6.7° to 8.3°C (12° to 15°F) increase
per minute, irrespective of the starting temperature.
It has two heat-sensitive thermocouples or thermistors. One thermocouple
monitors heat transferred by convection or radiation while the other responds to
ambient temperature. The detector responds when the first sensing element's
temperature increases relative to the other.

21
 Linear Beam Detector(LD)

Installed Quantity :- 75
Manufacturer :- FIRERAY
Model Number :- 5000; 3000-115 Exd-R3
Location :-Warehouse, Control room

22
 Linear Beam Detector(LD)
Type of Beam Detector:-
1. Traditional: - Both Receiver and transmitter are separate unit.
2. Smart:- Receiver-transmitter in same device.
Optical beam smoke detectors work on the principle of light obscuration, where the
presence of smoke blocks some of the light from the beam, typically through
either absorbance or light scattering. Once a certain percentage of the transmitted
light has been blocked by the smoke, a fire is signaled.

23
 Flame Detector

Installed Quantity :297

Manufacturer :- MSA
Model Number :- FL4000H; FL500
Location :-Compressor House, Pumps, Reactor Effluent, Flanges
24
 Flame Detector
The detectors work on the flame-flicker
principle, i.e. the detector responds to the
flickering fired.

They receive electromagnetic

radiation from one or more defined
wave lengths according to their design in
the UV or infrared spectrum.

Area of detection is cone of vision.

25
 Flame Detector
UV Flame Detector:-

 UV detectors work by detecting the UV radiation emitted at the instant of ignition.

 Fires and explosions detected within 3–4 milliseconds.

 UV detectors operate with wavelengths shorter than 300 nm to minimize the effects
of natural background radiation.

 False alarms which can be triggered by other UV sources such as lightning, arc
welding, radiation, and sunlight(Due to depletion of Ozone layer UV
generated ).

26
 Flame Detector
 IR Flame Detector:-

 Infrared (IR) or wideband infrared (1.1 μm and higher) flame detectors monitor the infrared
spectral band for specific patterns given off by hot gases.

 The resonance frequency range of CO2 is 4.3 to 4.4 μm.

 During burning of a hydrocarbon (for example, wood or fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas)
much heat and CO2 is released. The hot CO2 emits much energy at its resonance frequency of
4.3 μm.
 The usual response time of an IR detector is 3–5 seconds.

 False alarms caused by heat radiation, for example caused by hot machinery, background
radiation (blackbody radiation), electrical heaters, and ovens.

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 Flame Detector
 UV/IR Flame Detector:-

 These detectors are sensitive to both UV and IR wavelengths.

 UV and IR Flame detectors compare the threshold signal in two ranges in “AND”
configuration and their ration in each other to confirm the fire signal.

 This helps minimize false alarms

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 Flame Detector
 IR3 Flame Detector:-
 Triple-IR flame detectors compare three specific wavelength bands within the IR spectral
region and their ratio to each other.
 One sensor looks at the 4.4 micrometer range while the other sensors look at reference
wavelengths both above and below 4.4.
 Out of three sensors, one Covers the typical Co2 (4.4 μm) flame emission spectral band, and
the other two sensors cover different adjacent specially selected bands, where black body
emitters and background radiation are interfering.

 IR3 detectors can detect a 0.1m2 (1 ft2) gasoline pan fire at up to 65 m (215 ft)

 The FL4000H detects typical fires such as alcohol, n-heptane, gasoline, jet fuels and
hydrocarbons.
 It can also see through dense smoke produced by diesel, rubber, plastics and lube oil fires.
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 GAS DETECTOR
 Toxic Gas Detectors(DGT)
TOXIC GAS DETECTOR RANGE
H2S 0-50 PPM
CL2 0-5 PPM
NH3 0-100 PPM
SO2 0-25 PPM
O2 0-25% V/V
 Combustible Gas Detectors(DGC)
-Methane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Propylene, Benzene,
Xylene, Toluene.

 Open Path Gas Detector

 Hydrogen Gas Detector(DGH)

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 TOXIC GAS DETECTOR

Installed Quantity :534

Manufacturer :- MSA
Model Number :- X5000, Ultima XE
Location :-Chlorine House, HVAC Inlets, Fin-Fan, Columns
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 TOXIC GAS DETECTOR
 Working principle is electrochemical cell. Electrochemical sensors are used to detect the
presence of toxic gases such as H2S, Cl2, and SO2, and variation of oxygen in the air.

 The transfer of electrons generated from a redox

reaction occurring in it that results in the
production of electric current.

 Electrons are released from metals used as

electrodes.

 On losing electrons, metals get oxidised. On the

other hand, if they gain electrons, they get
reduced.

 A voltage is applied between the electrodes. When gas enters a chamber through the membrane,
oxidation or reduction takes place due to reaction of gas with electrolyte, which causes a small current to
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flow, which is linear to gas concentration
 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTOR

Installed Quantity :1933

Manufacturer :- MSA
Model Number :- Ultima XIR
Location :-Near Pumps, HVAC Inlets, Spheres, Cooling Towers- Top Platform

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 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTOR
 Combustible gas detection is normally carried out in the range of 0-100% LEL.

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 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTOR
 Combustible gases have absorption bands in the infrared
region of the electromagnetic spectrum of light.

 IR Absorption principle is used to detect presence of

combustible gas.

 Light passes through the sample mixture at two wavelengths,

one of which is set at the absorption peak of the gas to be
detected.

 Two light sources are pulsed alternatively and guided along

a common optical path to emerge via flameproof window
and sample gas.

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 COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTOR
 These beams are reflected back by a retro-reflector.

 These beams passed through sample gas once again and

then into the unit.

 Detectors compares the signal lengths of sample and

reference beams. The difference of sample and reference
gives the measure of gas concentration.

 This can be used to generate an alarm after converting in

analogue form.

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 OPEN PATH GAS DETECTOR

Installed Quantity :-43

Manufacturer :- MSA
Model Number :- IR5500
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Location :-Near Series of Pumps, Plants periphery
 OPEN PATH GAS DETECTOR
 The IR5500 is an open path infrared (IR) gas detector that continuously monitors for
flammable gas leaks over large open areas.

 It monitors in both the LEL-m and ppm-m ranges to detect both small and large leaks.

 The system consists of an IR source and receiver which continuously monitors for light
hydrocarbons in both the 0 to 5000 ppm meter and 0 to 5 LEL meter range.

 Automatic gain control

compensates for dirty optics,
rain, and fog.

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 HYDROGENGAS DETECTOR

Installed Quantity :-315

Manufacturer :- MSA
Model Number :- Ultima XE-H2
Location :-Battery Room, PSA, Compressor shed

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 HYDROGENGAS DETECTOR
 Hydrogen gas detector works on Catalytic
sensor.

 Catalytic type sensor is used to detect Hydrogen

concentration. It consist of small sensing element
called Pellistor which is made of electrically
heated platinum wire coil, covered with the
coating of ceramic bases (alumina) and finally
outer coating of palladium or rhodium catalyst.

40
 HYDROGENGAS DETECTOR
 When combustible gas/air mixture passes over the hot catalyst surface, combustion occurs which in
turn increase the temperature of Pellistor.

 Which causes change in resistance of Platinum coil.

 This resistance change can be measured through Wheatstone bridge configuration

which is directly proportional to the gas concentration.

 Measurement unit is %LEL

41
 OUTPUT DEVICES

Fire detector Beacon :- RED COLOR

Combustible detector Beacon :- AMBER COLOR
Toxic detector Beacon :- BLUE COLOR

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 CLEAN AGENT SYSTEM

Installed Quantity :-16

Manufacturer :- Vimal Fire
Location :-SRR, Control Rooms
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 CLEAN AGENT SYSTEM
 Inergen (IG-541) is a mixture of 52% Nitrogen, 40% Argon and 8% CO2.

 In the event of a fire, when IG-541 is discharged, it mixes with the air
present in the room to create a mixture that comprises of 67.3%
Nitrogen, 12.5% Oxygen, 17% Argon and 3.2% Carbon Dioxide.

 Clean Agent system can be discharge in both mode- AUTO and

MANUAL.

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 DO’S AND DON’TS
DO’S:-
 Ensure all spare cable entry should be plugged.
 Ensure healthiness of devices on daily basis.
 Ensure that devices should be neat and clean and no webs on sensor.
 Ensure that devices are properly installed.
 Ensure cone of vision of flame detector for critical area.
 Ensure that calibration done by competent person only.

DON’Ts:-
 Do not open explosion Junction box in power ON condition.
 Do not put any obstacle in the path of open path gas detectors.
 Do not calibrate gas detectors with expired date gas cylinder.
Crude Distillation Unit