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Haematology Lecture 1+2
Haematology Lecture 1+2
Haematology Lecture 1+2
Leture 1+2
• 3. Reaction and pH: Blood is slightly alkaline and its pH in normal conditions is
7.4.
• 4. Specific gravity:
• Specific gravity of total blood : 1.052 to 1.061
• Specific gravity blood cells : 1.092 to 1.101
• Specific gravity of plasma : 1.022 to 1.026
• 5. Viscosity: Blood is five times more viscous than water. It is mainly due to red
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Liquid (plasma)
White blood
cells
Capillary tube
Plasma = 55%
Buffy coat
Plug
Composition
Volume varies with size.
Blood is about 8% of the total body weight.
Average adult has 5 liters of blood
Blood is 40-45% cells
This is also known as the percent packed cell volume
95% are red blood cells, remainder white blood
cells and blood platelets
The hematocrit is an indicator of
anemia, polycythemia, and other conditions.
Blood is 55 -60% plasma
water, amino
acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hor mones,
electrolytes, wastes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Blood
45% 55%
Hormones
FUNCTIONS
1. transport of nutrients, gases and vitamins
2. regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
3. maintain pH
PLASMA
PLASMA PROTEINS
1. most abundant dissolved substances in plasma
2. Three main plasma proteins:
a.albumin – 60% of plasma CHONs, made in the
liver and they help to maintain oncotic pressure, and
transport certain molecules such as bilirubin and fatty
acids.
b.globulins – 36% of plasma CHONs
i.alpha and beta – produced in the liver, transport
lipids and fat soluble vitamins
ii. Gamma globulins – made by lymph tissue, a
type
of antibody
c.fibrinogen - 4% of plasma CHONs, made in
PLASMA
PLASMA ELECTROLYTES
1. Electrolyte release ions when dissolved
in water
2. include: sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate,
phosphate and sulfate ions
3. Function:
maintain osmotic pressure and the
pH of the plasma.
Blood Cells
•Blood
cells originate in red marrow from hemocytoblasts or
hematopoietic stem cells
platelet
Plasm
a
Erythrocyte Production
(Erythropoiesis)
Erythropoiesis is the production of red cells
Begins with the development of primitive erythrocytes in the
embryonic yolk sac
Basic substances needed: are amino acids (proteins), iron,
Vit B12, Vit B6, folic acid and the trace minerals cobalt and
nickel
Regulated by erythropoietin, a glycoprotein primarily produced
by the kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia. (10-15%
production of erythropoietin occurs in the liver)
Androgen and thyroid hormones can also stimulate
erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis cont’d
GEMM
I
BFU-E
I
CFU
-E I
Pronormoblast,
(rubriblast or
proerythroblast)
I
Basophili
c
Normoblast
I
Poly chromatophilic Normoblast
I
Orthochromatophilic Normoblast
I
Reticulocyte
I
PRODUCTION OF RBC:
Early embryonic life : nucleated RBC yolk sac
Middle trimester: liver main organ for production,
some are produced in the spleen and lymph nodes
Last month of gestation and after birth:
exclusively produced in the bone marrow
Bone marrow of essentially all bones produces
RBCs until 5 years old
Bone marrow of the long bones, except proximal portions of
the humeri and tibiae no RBCs after 20 yrs old
>20 yo membranous bones , like vertebrae, sternum,
ribs, ilia less productive as age increases.
GENESIS OF RBC
FUNCTIONS OF RBC
To transport Hemoglobin, which carries oxygen
from the lungs to the tissues
As an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction
between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to form
carbonic acid (H2CO3) carbonic anhydrase
As an excellent acid-base buffer
Characteristics of Red Blood
Cells
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Top view
• Biconcave discs
•Able to readily squeeze
through capillaries
2.5 micrometers
• Two parts
• Haem
• Globin
Synthesis of Haemoglobin
(Hb)
• Haem & globin produced at two
different sites in the cells
• Haem in mitochondria
• Globin in polyribosomes
Structure of globin
8
Succinyl
CoA
8 Glycine*
*
Heme
Fig. 14.8
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