Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University

Water Supply Engineering

Textbook:
Water Supply & Pollution Control, 2009
(Eighth Edition)

By: Warren Viessman, Jr.

Mark J. Hammer
Elizabeth M. Perez
Paul A. Chadik

Water Supply Engineering

Water Supply Engineering

Chapter IV:

Alternative Sources
of
Water Supply

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Water Conservation
3. Wastewater Reuse
4. Stormwater Reuse
5. Brackish and Saline Water Conservation
6. Interbasin Transfer
7. Other Relevant Technologies

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

1. Introduction

Population growth strained water supplies and

threatened the ecology of the earth.

In 2000 – 1.1 billion people (18% of the world

population) did not have access to clean drinking
water, and 2.4 billion did not have access to
adequate sanitation services.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

1. Introduction

UN Report 2003:
Improved water management – assist with the
global issues, such as: poverty, hunger, universal
primary education, gender equality, child
mortality, maternal mortality, major diseases, and
environmental sustainability.

Therefore, more alternative or nontraditional

water supply projects on broader scales.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

1. Introduction
- Treated wastewater
- Brakish or saline water
- Stormwater
- New technologies (cloud seeding and aquifer storage
and recovery)

Portfolio Approach: using a number of management

practices, raw water resources, treatment technologies,
and storage techniques to create an adequate water
supply.

Therefore: Variety of Sources, Methods and Technologies

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

2. Water Conservation
It can take place in any of the water use sector (urban,
agricultural, industrial, municipal)

(i) Soft Measures ----public educations programs

(ii) Hard Measures ----regulations and mandatory watering
bans.
- Reduce outdoor water use
- The use of native, water-efficient vegetation
- Water restriction and increased fees

Water Conservation Measure – targeted, proactive, and

organized manner.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

3. Wastewater Reuse (reclamation, recycling,

reuse)

- Water Reclamation: It is treatment of water to

meet predefined water quality criteria

- Water Reuse: It is the use of treated for

beneficial uses.

These are municipal wastewater that is used to

supplement irrigation needs for agriculture or
urban uses.
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul
University
Water Supply Engineering

3. Wastewater Reuse (reclamation, recycling, reuse)

Wanielista: Reasons for implementing reuse projects:

1. To maintain natural hydrologic conditions and balance

the water budget.
2. To improve water quality in natural water bodies.
3. To meet regulatory criteria.
4. To conserve water.
5. To reduce saltwater intrusion in coastal areas
6. To take advantage of the potential ease of permitting.
7. To reduce costs.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

3. Wastewater Reuse (reclamation, recycling, reuse)

Wanielista: Reasons for implementing reuse projects:

1. To maintain natural hydrologic conditions and balance the water

budget.
2. To improve water quality in natural water bodies.
3. To meet regulatory criteria.
4. To conserve water.
5. To reduce saltwater intrusion in coastal areas
6. To take advantage of the potential ease of permitting.
7. To reduce costs.

Areas of: low rainfall, high evaporation, intense irrigation water

use, and Interbasin transfer of water.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

3. Wastewater Reuse (reclamation, recycling, reuse)

Wanielista: Reasons for implementing reuse projects:

1. To maintain natural hydrologic conditions and balance the water

budget.
2. To improve water quality in natural water bodies.
3. To meet regulatory criteria.
4. To conserve water.
5. To reduce saltwater intrusion in coastal areas
6. To take advantage of the potential ease of permitting.
7. To reduce costs.

Areas of: low rainfall, high evaporation, intense irrigation water

use, and Interbasin transfer of water.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

4. Stormwater Reuse (Stormwater harvesting)

It refers to the capture, treatment, and use of

Stormwater to augment water supplies.

- Chemical composition of the Stormwater is

important. (nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy
metals, microorganisms, pesticides, and
herbicides)
- Irrigation Ponds, Reuse Ponds, Recycling Ponds.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

5. Brackish and Saline Water Conservation

- It is common in coastal areas.
- Desalination: Removal of salts from brackish
water and seawater.
- Sources of water in this category – brackish
groundwater and water from seas and oceans
(usually called seawater desalination)
- Some parameters: suspended solids, silt density
index, temperature, chemical constituents and
bacteriological quality.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

5. Brackish and Saline Water Conservation

- Conventional water treatment techniques: coagulation,

sedimentation and filtration are not effective in
desalination.

- Effective techniques at converting brackish or saline

water are:

1. Distillation/Condensation or thermal Treatment

2. Membrane Filtration
3. Ion Exchange

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

5. Brackish and Saline Water Conservation

1. Distillation/Condensation or thermal Treatment

- Solar distillation
- Multistage-flash,
- Multiple effect evaporation
- Thermal vapor compression
- Mechanical vapor compression
- Adsorption vapor compression

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

5. Brackish and Saline Water Conservation

2. Membrane Filtration

Membrane – based technologies include:

- Electrodialysis
- Electrodialysis-reversal
- Reverse osmosis/ hyperfiltration
- Nanofiltration
- Ultrafiltration
- microfiltration

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

5. Brackish and Saline Water Conservation

3. Ion Exchange: It describes processes that exchange one

type of ion for another of the same charge.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

6. Interbasin Transfer
i. Viable but politically difficult and environmentally harmful
option.

ii. Requires a careful economic and environmental analysis.

iii. Negotiation and the harm that can occur to the third parties
(environment and the wild life, as well as agricultural and
commercial interests) once the transfer begins.

iv. Relatively low in costs, but important to consider the costs to the
third party.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

7. Other Relevant Technologies

ASR – Aquifer Storage and Recovery, and Cloud

Seeding.

ASR: It is a process involving storing water in an

aquifer (by recharge) during wet periods and
removing it during dry periods when it is
needed. (no evaporation, and inundation)
useful in drought season.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Water Supply Engineering

7. Other Relevant Technologies

Cloud Seeding: It is a method of increasing

rainfall, and is the rarest source of water
supply.

There is no consensus in the scientific community

about the effectiveness of cloud-seeding
technology.

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul

University
Chapter 1: Introduction

QUESTIONS!

Water Supply Engineering