leqcia 2

monacemTa bazis inforlogiuri modelireba

monacemTa bazis Seqmnis procesi da misi warmatebiT realizacia

metwilad damokidebulia sawyisi informaciis sisrulesa da
adeqvaturobaze. pirvel rigSi mniSvnelovania sagnobrivi aris
srulyofili aRwera, rogorc saboloo momxmareblis, aseve
adminiostratoris TvalsazrisiT. SeuZlebelia bazis SemmuSavebeli
erkveodes yvela im sferoSi, romelSic SesaZlebelia monacemTa
baza daproeqtdes. am informaciis amosaRebad dagvWirdeba
sxvadasxva saxis interviu (ufro socialuri kvlevis msgavsi vidre
Jurnalisturi). unda aRiweros ra mizniT, ra daniSnulebiT, ra tipis
momxmareblisaTvis iqmneba monacemTa baza, ra saxis iqneba es
baza personaluri, mravalmomxmarebliani, korporatiuli Tu internet
orientirebuli.
 modeli “arsi – kavSiri” (ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP model, E-R
model)

sagnobrivi aris sityvieri aRweris Semdeg jeri dgeba inforlogiuri

modelis Seqmnaze.
infologiuri modeli unda moicavdes sagnobrivi aris iseT
formalizebul aRweras, rom
misi “wakiTxva” yvelam SesZlos. da es aRwera unda iyos iseTi
moculobiTi, rom SesaZlebeli
iyos monacemTa bazis SemuSavebis siRrmisa da koreqtulobis
Sefaseba da is ar unda iyos
mibmuli konkretul monacemTa bazis marTvis sistemaze.
inforlogiur modelebs Soris gamoyofen e.w. “arsi-kavSiri”
models. es modeli pirvelad
SemoRebul iqna 1976 wels piter Ceinis mier. “arsi-kavSiri”
modeli es aris saerTo
konstruqciebis nakrebi, romelic umetes models udevs safuZvlad.
 modeli “arsi-kavSiri”-s versiebi

modeli “arsi-kavSiri” (Entity-Relationship Model,

E-R model) warmoadgens cnebebisa da grafikuli
simboloebis erTobliobas konceptualuri sqemis
asagebad. modeli “arsi-kavSiri” SemoTavazebul
iqna piter Ceinis mier 1976 wela. SemdgomSi
moxda am modelis gafarToeba, ris Sedegadac
warmoiSva “arsi-kavSiri” gafarToebuli modeli
(Extended E-R model). dReswdReobiT
umTavresad gamoiyeneba “arsi-kavSiri”
gafarToebuli modeli.
 modeli “arsi-kavSiri”-s versiebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom profesionalTa farTo wris mier gamoiyeneba

“arsi-kavSiri” gafarToebuli modelis esa Tu is modifikacia,
samwuxarod arsebobs am modelis sxvadasxva versiebi. erT-erTi
versia informaciuli inJineriis (Information engenrering, IE) saxeliTaa
cnobili, SemuSavda jeims martinis mier 1990 wels. Eigi naklebad
gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove warmoebaSi.
1993 wels standartebisa da teqnologiebis erovnuli institutis
(National Institute of Standards and Technology) mier gamoqveynda “arsi-kavSiri”
modelis versia, rogorc aSS erovnuli standarti. am versiam miiRo
saxelwodeba IDEF1X, rac aRniSnavs “Integrated Definition 1, Extended” –
“erTiani standarti, versia 1, gafarToebuli”. es versia moicavs
“arsi-kavSiri” modelis ZiriTad ideas, magram mis gamosaxatavad
gamoiyeneba sxva grafikuli simboloebi. IDEF1X standartSi
gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc konceptualuri, aseve Sida sqemis
SemuSavebis saSualebebi bda aseve erTi meored gardaqmnis meTodebi.
garda amisa farTodaa gavrcelebuli axali obieqturad-orientirebuli
modeli UML (Universal Modeling Laguage) saxelwodebiT, romelsac aseve
safuZvlad udevs modeli “arsi-kavSiri”, magram amasTan Semoitana
sakuTari simboloebi da Semoitana obieqrurad-orientirebuli
specifikacia.
 “arsi-kavSiri” gafarToebuli modelis aRwera

“arsi-kavSiri” gafarToebuli modeli SeiZleba SevadaroT Senobis

daproeqtebis samusao eskizis SemuSavebis process. is faqti, Tu
ramdenad kargad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli monacemTa bazis
sagnobrivi aris yvela Taviseburebebi, saqmiani reglamenti rasac unda
eqvebdebarebodes monacemebis Segrovebis, damuSavebis, gacvlis
da Senaxvis etapebi, umTavres gavlenas moaxdens monacemTa bazis
srulyofili modelis Seqmnaze. Tu am etapzeve iqneba yovelive es
gaTvaliswinebuli, umTavresi Sinaarsobrivi da logikuri cvlilebebi rac
mosalodneli iqneba konkretuli monacemTa bazis ganviTarebis
procesSi, ar gamoiwvevs bazis ZiriTadi konstruqciis rRvevas da
uzrunvelyofs arsebuli informaciis daculobas kargvisagan.
modelis “arsi-kavSiri” yvela versia eyrdnoba oTx Zireul elements:
arsi, atributi, identifikatori da kavSirebi, nebismieri sxva elementi,
romelic sxvadasxva versiebSi gvxvdeba maT nairsaxeobad SeiZleba
CavTvaloT.
 arsi

arsi (entity) – momxmareblis samuSao areSi identicifirebadi raime obieqtia, romelze

dakvirvebac surs momxmarebels. arsis magaliTad SeiZleba warmovidginoT studenti
nika xaCiZe, Bsagani monacemTa bazebi da a.S. erTi da igive tipis arsis jgufdeba
arsis klasSi (entity class). arsis klasi studenti warmoadgens yvela konkretuli arsis
studenti erTobliobas.
mniSnelovania ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan arsis klasi da arsis egzemplari. arsis klasi
– es aris arsebis erToblioba, da igi aRiwereba am klasis Semadgeneli arsebis struqturiT
an formatiT. arsis egzemplari – (entity instance) - warmoadgens konkretul arss da igi
aRiwereba mocemuli arisis atributebis mniSvnelobiT. Cveulebriv arsis klasi moicavs
mraval arsis egzemplars. magaliTad klasi studenti moicavs mraval egzemplars.
modelirebis procesSi arsebis gamoyofa erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi procesia. am dros
yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im faqts ramdenadaa Cvens mier arsad dasaxelebuli obieqti
identificirebadi da erTgvarovani, aris Tu ara misi arseboba Cvens sagnobriv areSi
“mudmivi” Tu is ufro metad raime movlenas an faqts asaxavs, an sxvadasxva obieqtebis
“urTierTdamokidebulebis” Sedegad warmoiqmneba. daproeqtebis am etapze dasaSvebia
aseTi “cru” arsebis arseboba. es sawyis etapze problemas arSeqmnis. Cven, xom
jerjerobiT mxolod eskizs vqmniT sadac dasaSvebia sxvadasxva “detailis uadgiloba”. Tu
aseTi arsebi warmoiqmna, umjobesia moxdes calke CaniSvna ganmartebis miTiTebiT.
aseTi saxis Canawerebi metad mniSvnelovania teqnikuri davalebis srulyofili
 atributi

arss gaaCnia atributebi (attributes) an rogorc zogjer maT uwodeben, Tvisebebi (properties),
romlebic aRweren arsTa maxasiaTeblebs. atributebis magaliTebia Cvens zemoT moyvanil
magaliTSi studentis vinaoba, studentis misamarTi da a.S. “arsi – kavSiri” modelSi
igulisxmeba, rom mocemuli arsebis klasis yvela egzemplars erTnairi atributebi gaaCnia.
atributebis raodenoba maTi Sinaarsi damokidebulia konkretul sagnobriv areze, ufro zustad
monacemTa bazis momxmareblis “survilze” ra informacia surs mas, rom hqondes konkretuli
arsis (obieqtis) Sesaxeb, ras miiCnevs igi mniSvnelovnad da ras ara. aseve gvxvdeba iseTi
SemTxvevac, rodesac momxmareblis “survili” hqondes esa Tu is informacia nakleb
kavSirSia kankretul arsTan. aseTi survilebis ugulvelyoha ar SeiZleba. am “survilis” ukan
imaleba sxva tipis informacia, romelic aucileblad dagvWirdeba daproeqtebis Semdgom
etapebze, Tundac samomxmareblo interfeisis Semusavebis procesSi.
arsis aRweraSi monawile atributebi SeiZleba SevadaroT funqciis argumentebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva tipis cvladebs gamosaxaven. magram aq saqme ufro sxvagvaradaa: garda imisa,
rom “cvladi - monacemi” SesaZlebelia iyos sainformacio teqnologiebSi arsebuli nebismieri
tipis, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodnen tipis mixedviT “arsi–kavSiri” modelis
TvalsazrisiT. es gulisxmobs metwilad mis struqturul warmodgenas.
atributebis sawyisi gansazRvreba modelSi “arsi-kavSiri” moicavs martiv atributebs (simple
attributes), kompozitur atributebs (composite attributes) da mravalmniSvnelovan atributebs
(multi-valued attributes). kompozituria atributi romelic Sedgeba atributTa jgufisagan, xolo
mravalmniSvnelovania Tu arsis erTi egzemplarisaTvis mas SeiZleba hqondes ramodenime
mniSvneloba.
 atributi

sicxadisaTvis moviyvanoT magaliTi - arsi studenti (piradi nomeri, saxeli, gvari, dabadebis TariRi,
sqesi, Caricxvis weli, misamarTi, telefoni, elfosta, romel skolaSi swavlobda). ganvixiloT yoveli
atributi calk-calke:
piradi nomeri – erTeulovani unikaluri Canaweria, romelic Sedgeba 11 cifrisagan. yovel adamians
gaaCnia mxolod erTi piradi nomeri. aqedan gamomdinare es atributi aris martivi da erTmniSvnelovani;
dabadebis TariRi – erTeulovani Canaweria, yovel adamians gaaCnia mxolod erTi dabadebis tariRi.
aqedan gamomdinare es atributi aris martivi da erTmniSvnelovani;
sqesi - erTeulovani Canaweria, martivi da erTmniSvnelovani;
Caricxvis weli - erTeulovani Canaweria, martivi da erTmniSvnelovani;
misamarTi – zogadad misamarTi Sedgeba ramdenime komponentisagan – qveyana, qalaqi, quCa,
saxlis da binis nomeri. Tu konkretuli monacemTa bazis saqmiani reglamenti moiTxovs monacemTa
damuSavebis SesaZleblobas yoveli komponentis mixedviT calk-calke, maSin atributi misamarTi
warmodgeba, rogorc kompozitiuri atributi komponentebiT (qveyana, qalaqi, quCa, saxlis/binis
nomeri). aseT SemTxvevaSi es atributi kompozitiuria;
telefoni - erTeulovani Canaweria, dasaSvebia erT adamians hqondes ramodenime telefoni, anu atributi
erTi egzemplarisaTvis Rebulobdes erTze met mniSvnelobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi atributi
mravalmniSvnelovania;
elfosta - erTeulovani Canaweria, dasaSvebia erT adamians hqondes ramodenime eleqtronuli fosta;
romel skolaSi swavlobda - SesaZloa studenti swavlobda ramodenime skolaSi. atributi
mravalmniSvnelovania.
 identifikatori

umravless, visac hqonia Sexeba monacemTa bazebTan smenia gasaRebis

Sesaxeb, romelsac xSirad aigiveben identifikatorebTan. arsebis
egzemplarebs gaaCniaT identifikatorebi (identifiers) - aris arsis aRmweri
atributi an ramodenime atributis erToblioma, romelTa saSualebiTac
saxeldeba an identificirdeba arsis egzemplarebi. magaliTad arsis studenti
egzemplari SesaZloa identificirdebiodes atributiT piradi nomeri an
atributebis wyviliT saxeli, gvari. iseTi atributi rogoricaa Caricxvis weli
identifikatorad ar gamodgeba. Unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqtic, rom
identifikatorad ar gamodgeba kompozitiuri da mravalmniSvnelovani
atributi.
identifikatori SesaZloa iyos unikaluri (unique) an araunikaluri
(nonunique). Tu identifikatori unikaluria maSin misi mniSvneloba
miuTiTebs erT da mxolod erT egzemplarze. Tu indentifikatori
araunikaluria maSin misi mniSvnelobamiuTiTebs egzemplarebis raRac
sasrul mcire simravleze. Unikaluri identifikatoris magaliTs warmoadgens
atributi piradi nomeri arsis studenti aRweraSi. xolo araunikalur
identifikatorad SegviZlia CavTvaloT atributebis wyviliT saxeli, gvari.
 “arsi-kavSiri” gafarToebuli modelis grafikuli warmodgena – arsi, atributi

monacemTa bazis daproeqtbaSi umravles

SemmuSavebelTaTvis didi rols asrulebs modelis grafikuli
warmodgena. es procesi naTlad warmoaCens logikur sqemas
da aalvilebs mTeli rigi “rTuli kvanZebis” daproeqtebis
process.
sazogadod miRebulia “arsi-kavSiri” gafarToebuli
modeliaTvis arsis gamosaxva marTkuTxedis saxiT, romelSic
Cawerilia arsis saxeli. Cveni magaliTisaTvis arsi studenti
sqematurad gamoisaxeba nax.-ze warmodgenili formiT.
rogorc aRvniSneT arsebi aRiwerebian atributebis saSualebiT.
maTi gamosaxva sqemaze xdeba ovalebiT, romelSic
Cawerilia atributis dasaxeleba. Sesabamisad miviRebT
arsis gamosaxva grafikulad
 კავშირები

urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebs Soris gamoisaxeba kavSirebiT

(relationships). modeli “arsi-kavSiri” Tavis TavSi moicavs
kavSirebis klasebs da kavSirebis egzemplarebs. kavSirebis klasi
(relationships classes) _ arsebis klasTa Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebaa, kavSirebis egzemplarebi (relationship
instances) – arsebis egzemplarebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebaa.
kavSirebis klasi SesaZloa moicavdes ramodenime arsebis klass.
arsebis klasebis raodenobas romelebic monawileoben kavSirebSi,
ewodeba kavSirebis xarisxi (relationship degree). kavSirSi
SeiZleba monawileobdes erTi (es gansakuTrebuli magram
araiSviaTi SemTxvevaa, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT), ori
an orze meti arsis klasi. miuxedavad amisa yvela procedura,
romelic dakavSirebulia kavSirebis formirebasTan da mis
Semdgom realizaciasTan ganixileba ori arsis klasis kavSiris (anu
binaruli kavSiris) safuZvelze.
 kavSirebi

radgan SevTanxmdiT imaze, rom Cveni amosavali wertili binaruli

kavSirebia, SemdgomSi rodesac visaubrebT kavSirebze vigulisxmebT
binarul kavSirs, sxva SemTxvevaSi gavakeTebT miniSnebas. ganvixiloT
is Taviseburebebi, rac axasiaTrbs kavSirebs.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msgavsad arsebisa, kavSirebSic gvaqvs
kavSiris klasebi da kavSiris egzemplarebi. kavSiris egzemplarebis
raodenoba gansazRvravs kavSiris tipebs amitom mniSvnelovania kargad
gaviazroT es procesi. gamoiyofa sami tipis kavSirebi: kavSiri “erTi
erTTan” (1:1), “erTi bevrTan” (1:N), kavSiri “bevri bevrTan” (N:M).
mokled yoveli SeiZleba ganvmartoT ase:
“erTi erTTan” (1:1) - erTi tipis arsis erTeuli egzemplari dakavSirebulia
sxva tipis arsis erTeul egzemplarTan.
“erTi bevrTan” (1:N) - erTi tipis arsis klasis erTeuli egzemplari
dakavSirebulia meore tipis arsis klasis ramodenime egzemplarTan.
“bevri bevrTan” (N:M) - erTi tipis arsis klasis bevri egzemplari
dakavSirebuli meore tipis arsis klasis bevr egzemplarTan.
kavSiri erTi-erTTan- (1:1)
kavSiri erTi-bevrTan (1:N)
 kavSiri “bevri bevrTan” (N:M)

ganmartebis Tanaxmad, “bevri-bevrTan” kavSiris dros erTi tipis arsis

klasis bevri egzemplari dakavSirebuli meore tipis arsis klasis bevr
egzemplarTan. es niSnavs, rom Tu or ars Soris arsebobs raime
urTierTdamokidebuleba erTi arsis klasis yoveli egzemplari
dakavSirebuli iqneba meore arsis ramodenime egzemplarTan, da
piriqiT - meore arsis klasis yoveli egzemplari dakavSirebuli iqneba
pirveli arsis bevr egzemplarTan. aqac, msgavsad kavSirisa wina
SemTxvebisa igulisxmeba kavSiris SesaZlebloba da ara aucilebloba.
“bevri-bevrTan” kavSiris magaliTs Cvens “zRaparSi”
warmoeadens urTierTdamokidebuleba fakulteti da TanamSromeli,
romelic gamosaxavs informacias Tu romeli TanamSromeli romeli
fakultetis mier aris mowveuli. arsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad erTi
TanamSromeli SeiZlia moiwvios ramodenime fakultetma da aseve
erTma fakultetma SesaZloa moiwvios ramodenime TanamSromeli.
aqedan gamomdinare am urTierTdamokidebulebis aRmweri kavSiri
iqneba “bevri-bevrTan” tipis
 kavSiris kardinaluri ricxvebi

“arsi-kavSir” modelSi kavSirs gaaCnia kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli kardinaluri

ricxvi. kavSiris TiTo mxares gaaCnia ori kardinaluri ricxvi – maqsimaluri da
minimaluri.
maqsimaluri kardinaluri ricxvi ganszRvravs kavSiris Sesabamis mxares kavSirSi
monawile egzemplarebis maqsimalur raodenobas. maqsimaluri kardinaluri ricxvi
ganisazRvreba konkretuli monacemTa bazis sagnobrivi aris saqmiani reglamentiT,
magram SeiZleba arc iyos gansazRvruuli. orive mxaris SezRudvis erTobliobas
kavSiris maqsimalur kardinaluribas (maximum cardinality) uwodeben.
garda maqsimaluri kardinaluri ricxvisa mniSvnelovania minimaluri kardinaluri
ricxvis gansazRvra. Sesabamisad unda moxdes misi gamosaxvac diagramaze.
kardinaluri ricxvis ganmartebis Sesabamisad, minimaluri kardinaluri ricxvi
(minimum cardinality) gansazRvravs kavSiriSi TviTeul mxareze monawile
minimaluri dasaSvebi egzemplarebis raodenobas. umTavresad minimaluri
kardinaluri ricxvi tolia erTia an nolis, magram gvxvdeba SemTxvevbi, rodesac
minimaluri kardinaluri ricxvi erTze metia. aseTi SemTxveva, msgavsad
maqsimaluri kardinaluri ricxvisa ganisazRvreba konkretuli monacemTa bazis
sagnobrivi aris saqmiani reglamentiT.
 rekursiuli kavSiri

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT kavSirSi SeiZleba monawileobdes

mxolod erTi arsi. Uufro zustad gvqondes SemTxveva rodesac
kavSiri gamosaxavs arsis erTi egzemplaris urTierTdamokidebulebas
imave arsis sxva an igive egzemplarTan. aseT kavSirebs rekursiul
kavSirebs uwodeben (recursive relationships) (nax. 5).
rekursiul kavSirebs gaaCniaT yvela is maxasiaTeblebi, rac
Cveulebriv binarul kavSirebs: kavSiris tipi (1:1, 1:N an N:M),
kardinaluri ricxvebi, atributebi da saxeli. aseve dasaSvebia erT arss
hqondes ramodenime sxvadasxva SInaarsis mqone rekursiuli
kavSiri.
sqemnaturad rekursiuli kavSiri ori ZiriTadi komponentisagan
Sedgeba erTi marTkuTxedi, romelic gamosaxavs arss da erTi rombi
- kavSiris amsaxveli. es ori elementi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia
swori xaziT da rkaliT. Sesabamisad daitaneba minimaluri
kardinaluri ricxvis aRniSvnebi.
 susti arsebi
“arsi-kavSir” modelSi ganisazRvreba arsebis gansakuTrebuli
tipebi, romelTac sust arsebs (weak entity) uwodeben. sust arsebs
ganekuTvnebian iseTi arsebi romlebic SesaZloa arsebobdnen
monacemTa bazaSi mxolod maSin, Tu masSi arseboben sxva tipis
arsebi. arsi, romelic ar aris susti, uwodeben Zlier arsebs (strong
entity). models “arsi-kavSiri” gaaCnia susti arsebis gansakuTrebuli
tipi, romelsac identifikatopulad damokidebuli arsebi (ID-dependent
entities) ewodeba. es iseTi arsebia, romelTa identifikatorebi
Seicaven sxva arsebis identifikatorebs. identifikatorulad
damokidebuli arsebis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens arsebis saxli
da bina kavSiri. vTqvaT arsis saxli identifikatoria atributi saxlis
saxeli, xolo arsis bina identifikatoria {saxlis saxeli, binis nomeri}.
radganac arsis bina identifikatori moicavs arsis saxli identifikators
saxlis saxeli, amitom arsi bina aris identificirebulad damokidebuli
arsze saxli. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, bina iarsebebs mxolod maSin