Mechanics

Further Kinematics
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 Prior knowledge check
1) For the vectors and , find: 3a) Differentiate the following:
a) b) i) 6𝑒
2𝑥
ii) 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
c) The unit vector in the direction of s
19 𝒊 − 43 𝒋 −10 𝒊+11 𝒋
b) Integrate the following:
Give your answers
5 in 12
the form i) 4 3 𝑥 +1 ii)
𝒊− 𝒋 𝑒 5
13 13 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑥
2𝜋

2) A particle moves in a straight line

with acceleration 5ms-2. The initial
velocity of the particle is 3ms -1. Then
seconds, find:
a) The velocity of the particle
b) Its displacement from its starting−1
point 23 𝑚𝑠

52 𝑚
Teachings for
Exercise 8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡

Further Kinematics
You need to be able to use two- Time
dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡
If a particle starts from the point with
position vector , and moves with constant
velocity , then its displacement from its
initial position at time is , and its position Position at
vector is given as Original Velocity
time
position
 Unless told otherwise, you can assume
that and are unit vectors in the due
east and due north directions
respectively

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡

Further Kinematics
North ()
𝒓 0 =( 3 𝒊+7 𝒋)
You need to be able to use two-
dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane
𝒗 =(2 𝒊 − 𝒋)
A particle starts from the point with
position vector and moves with constant East ()
velocity .

a) Find the position vector of the

particle after 4 seconds𝒓 = ( 11 𝒊+ 3 𝒋 ) 𝑚

b) Find the time at which the particle is

Position after 4 seconds
due east of the origin
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡
 A sketch can often help you visualise
what is happening in a problem… Sub in values
𝒓 =( 3 𝒊+7 𝒋)+ ( 2 𝒊 − 𝒋 ) (4 )
Expand bracket
𝒓 =3 𝒊+ 7 𝒋 +8 𝒊 − 4 𝒋
Simplify
𝒓 =11 𝒊+ 3 𝒋

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡

Further Kinematics
North ()
𝒓 0 =( 3 𝒊+7 𝒋)
You need to be able to use two-
dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane
𝒗 =(2 𝒊 − 𝒋)
A particle starts from the point with
position vector and moves with constant East ()
velocity .

a) Find the position vector of the

particle after 4 seconds𝒓 = ( 11 𝒊+ 3 𝒋 ) 𝑚

b) Find the time at which the particle is

due east of the origin
 When the particle is due East of the
origin, the component of its position
vector will be 0
 You need to create a formula using the
velocity and starting position, and leave
the time as …
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡
Sub in values. This means is the
position of the particle at time
𝒓 =( 3 𝒊+7 𝒋)+ ( 2 𝒊 − 𝒋 ) 𝑡
Expand brackets
𝒓 =3 𝒊+ 7 𝒋 +2 𝑡 𝒊 −𝑡 𝒋
Refactorise the and
components separately
𝒓 =( 3+2 𝑡 ) 𝒊+(7 −𝑡 ) 𝒋
The component will be 0, therefore

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

You need to be able to use two- Finding the speed after 3 seconds
dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
Sub in values
You can also use some of the other suvat 𝒗 =( − 3 𝒊+ 𝒋 )+ ( 2 𝒊+3 𝒋 ) ( 3)
formula in 2 dimensions, when the Simplify
quantities are given as vectors…
−1
𝒗 =( 3 𝒊+10 𝒋 ) 𝑚𝑠

A particle has velocity at time . The

particle moves with constant acceleration . 3 𝒊 +10 𝒋
Find the speed of the particle and the  Remember that the
bearing on which it is travelling at time 3 speed is the magnitude 10 𝒋
seconds. of the velocity…

 Since this particle is accelerating, its

velocity is not constant 3𝒊
 However, you can use the formulae 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =√ ( 3)2+(10)2
without a diagram (!) Calculate

¿ 10.4 𝑚𝑠 −1

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

You need to be able to use two- Finding the bearing after 3 seconds
dimensional vectors to solve problems 3 𝒊 +10 𝒋
 The bearing is the angle on
about movement in a plane 𝑁
which the particle is travelling 𝜃
°
16. 7
You can also use some of the other suvat
 It is always measured clockwise 10 𝒋
formula in 2 dimensions, when the
from due north.. 16. 7°
quantities are given as vectors… 𝜃
 We can find it using the
A particle has velocity at time . The
triangle we drew previously,
particle moves with constant acceleration . 3𝒊
using alternate angles…
Find the speed of the particle and the
bearing on which it is travelling at time 3
seconds.

 Since this particle is accelerating, its

𝜃=𝑇𝑎𝑛
−1
( 𝑂𝑝𝑝
𝐴𝑑𝑗 )
Sub in values
velocity is not constant

 However, you can use the formulae

𝜃=𝑇𝑎𝑛− 1 ( ) 3
10 Calculate
without a diagram (!) °
𝜃=16. 7
Bearings are always given
as 3 digit integers
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒 𝑑=10.4 𝑚𝑠− 1 °
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔=017

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

You need to be able to use two- Finding the acceleration

dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡 Sub in values (remember
you can use and or the
column vector notation)
An ice skater is skating on a large flat ice
rink. At time the skater is at a fixed point
( 3.4) (
− 5.6
=
2.4
− 0.6 )
+20 𝒂

and is skating with velocity . Rearrange

At time the skater is travelling with

( )
−8
4
= 20 𝒂
Divide by 20
velocity .
( )
− 0.4 = 𝒂
0.2 Write in , form, (or you
Relative to , the skater has position vector could leave it as it is!)
at time seconds. 𝒂= ( −0.4 𝒊+0.2 𝒋 )
Modelling the skater as having constant
acceleration, find:

a) The acceleration of the ice skater

b) An expression for in terms of

𝒂= ( −0.4 𝒊+0.2 𝒋 )

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

You need to be able to use two- Finding an expression for in terms of

dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane 1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
2 Sub in values ( is
An ice skater is skating on a large flat ice
the position
rink. At time the skater is at a fixed point 1
𝒔=( 2.4 𝒊 −0.6 𝒋 ) 𝑡 + ( −0.4 𝒊+ 0.2 𝒋 ) 𝑡 2 vector)
and is skating with velocity . 2
Multiply out
brackets
At time the skater is travelling with 𝒔=2.4 𝑡 𝒊 −0.6 𝑡 𝒋 − 0.2𝑡 2 𝒊+0.1 𝑡 2 𝒋 Refactorise
velocity . the and
components
Relative to , the skater has position vector 𝒔=( 2.4 𝑡 − 0.2𝑡 2 ) 𝒊+ ( − 0.6 𝑡 +0.1 𝑡 2 ) 𝒋 separately
at time seconds.

Modelling the skater as having constant

acceleration, find:

a) The acceleration of the ice skater

b) An expression for in terms of

𝒂= ( −0.4 𝒊+0.2 𝒋 )
𝒔=( 2.4 𝑡 − 0.2𝑡 2 ) 𝒊+ ( − 0.6 𝑡 +0.1 𝑡 2 ) 𝒋

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

𝒂= ( −0.4 𝒊+0.2 𝒋 ) 𝒔=( 2.4 𝑡 − 0.2𝑡 2 ) 𝒊+ ( − 0.6 𝑡 +0.1 𝑡 2 ) 𝒋

You need to be able to use two-
dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane  When the skater is directly north east of , the
and components will be equal
An ice skater is skating on a large flat ice
2 North ()
2
rink. At time the skater is at a fixed point 2.4 𝑡 − 0.2 𝑡 =−0.6 𝑡 +0.1 𝑡
Rearrange
and is skating with velocity .
2
3 𝑡 − 0.3 𝑡 =0
At time the skater is travelling with Factorise
velocity .
𝑡 (3 −0.3 𝑡 )=0
We need the value of when the bracket is
Relative to , the skater has position vector 0 (since is when the skater starts)
3 − 0.3 𝑡=0 East ()
at time seconds.
Rearrange
c) Find the time at which the skater is 3=0.3 𝑡
directly north-east of O Divide by 0.3
1 0=𝑡

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

The second skater’s

component is always 0…

You need to be able to use two-
dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane
𝒔=( 2.4 𝑡 − 0.2𝑡 2 ) 𝒊+ ( − 0.6 𝑡 +0.1 𝑡 2 ) 𝒋
 If the skaters meet, they will have the same and components
for the same value of .

An ice skater is skating on a large flat ice  It is important that both components match up…
rink. At time the skater is at a fixed point
and is skating with velocity . Comparing the components

At time the skater is travelling with 2

2.4 𝑡 − 0.2 𝑡 =0
velocity . Multiply by 5
2
12 𝑡 − 𝑡 =0
Relative to , the skater has position vector Factorise
at time seconds. 𝑡 (12− 𝑡 )=0
Solve
d) A second skater travels such that she 𝑡 =0 𝑜𝑟 12
has position vector relative to the same
point at time . So the components will match when the time is
either 0 or 12 seconds
Show that the two skaters will meet.

𝑡 =0 𝑜𝑟 12

8A
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

You need to be able to use two-
dimensional vectors to solve problems
about movement in a plane
𝒔=( 2.4 𝑡 − 0.2𝑡 2 ) 𝒊+ ( − 0.6 𝑡 +0.1 𝑡 2 ) 𝒋
 If the skaters meet, they will have the same and components
for the same value of .

An ice skater is skating on a large flat ice  It is important that both components match up…
rink. At time the skater is at a fixed point
and is skating with velocity . Comparing the components

At time the skater is travelling with 2

− 0.6 𝑡 + 0.1𝑡 =1.1 𝑡 −6
velocity . Rearrange
2
0.1 𝑡 −1.7 𝑡 +6=0
Relative to , the skater has position vector Multiply by 10
at time seconds. 2
𝑡 − 17 𝑡 +60=0
Factorise
d) A second skater travels such that she ( 𝑡 − 12 ) ( 𝑡 − 5 )=0
has position vector relative to the same Solve
point at time . 𝑡 =5 𝑜𝑟 12

Show that the two skaters will meet. So the components will match when the time is either 5
or 12 seconds

 Therefore, the skaters will meet after 12 seconds as it

𝑡 =0 𝑜𝑟 12 is the only time when both their and components are the
same!

8A
Teachings for
Exercise 8B
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

( 5 𝒊+ 8 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠− 1
You can also use vector methods with
projectiles

A ball is struck by a racket from a point 𝐴

which has position vector relative to a
fixed origin O. Immediately after being

20 𝒋
struck, the ball has velocity , where and
are unit vectors horizontally and
vertically respectively. After being O 𝐵
struck, the ball travels freely under
gravity until it strikes the ground at  The only acceleration will be that due to gravity
point .
 This acts vertically downwards so we can model it
a) Find the speed of the ball 1.5 using the component
seconds after being struck
𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
b) Find an expression for the position Sub in values, taking
vector, of the ball relative to at acceleration as
𝒗 =( 5 𝒊+8 𝒋 ) +(− 9.8 𝒋)( 1.5)
time seconds
Calculate
−1
c) Hence determine the distance 𝒗 =( 5 𝒊− 6.7 𝒋 ) 𝑚𝑠

Remember that this is not the speed, it is the velocity…

8B
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

( 5 𝒊+ 8 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠− 1
You can also use vector methods with
projectiles

A ball is struck by a racket from a point 𝐴

which has position vector relative to a
fixed origin O. Immediately after being

20 𝒋
struck, the ball has velocity , where and
are unit vectors horizontally and
vertically respectively. After being O 𝐵
struck, the ball travels freely under
gravity until it strikes the ground at 𝒗 =( 5 𝒊− 6.7 𝒋 ) 𝑚𝑠
−1 5𝒊
point .

a) Find the speed of the ball 1.5

seconds after being struck 6.7 𝒋
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =√ (5) 2+(6.7) 2
b) Find an expression for the position Calculate
vector, of the ball relative to at −1
time seconds
¿ 8.4 𝑚𝑠

c) Hence determine the distance

8B
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

( 5 𝒊+ 8 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠− 1
You can also use vector methods with
projectiles

A ball is struck by a racket from a point 𝐴

which has position vector relative to a
fixed origin O. Immediately after being

20 𝒋
struck, the ball has velocity , where and
are unit vectors horizontally and
vertically respectively. After being O 𝐵
struck, the ball travels freely under
gravity until it strikes the ground at  We cannot use the formula since the velocity is
point . not constant…
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂 𝑡
a) Find the speed of the ball 1.5 2
8.4 𝑚𝑠 seconds after being struck Sub in values
−1
1 2
𝒓 =( 5 𝒊+ 8 𝒋 ) 𝑡 + ( −9.8 𝒋)𝑡
2
b) Find an expression for the position Expand brackets
vector, of the ball relative to at 2
𝒓 =5 𝑡 𝒊+ 8 𝑡 𝒋 − 4.9 𝒋 𝑡
time seconds Refactorise the and
components
c) Hence determine the distance 𝒓 =5 𝑡 𝒊+(8 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2) 𝒋

Be careful! This is the position of the ball relative to point

(the question asks for the position relative to point )
8B
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

( 5 𝒊+ 8 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠− 1
You can also use vector methods with
projectiles

A ball is struck by a racket from a point 𝐴

which has position vector relative to a
fixed origin O. Immediately after being

20 𝒋
struck, the ball has velocity , where and
are unit vectors horizontally and
vertically respectively. After being O 𝐵
struck, the ball travels freely under
gravity until it strikes the ground at 2
𝒓 =5 𝑡 𝒊+(8 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 ) 𝒋
Add on so the vector will be
point . relative to O rather than A…)
𝒓 =5 𝑡 𝒊+ ( 8 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2 ) 𝒋+20 𝒋
a) Find the speed of the ball 1.5 This can also be put into the
8.4 𝑚𝑠 seconds after being struck
−1
second bracket…
𝒓 =5 𝑡 𝒊+ ( 8 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2 +20 ) 𝒋
b) Find an expression for the position
vector, of the ball relative to at
time seconds
𝒓 =5 𝑡 𝒊+ ( 8 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2 +20 ) 𝒋
c) Hence determine the distance

8B
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

( 5 𝒊+ 8 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠− 1
You can also use vector methods with
projectiles

A ball is struck by a racket from a point 𝐴

which has position vector relative to a
fixed origin O. Immediately after being

20 𝒋
struck, the ball has velocity , where and
are unit vectors horizontally and
vertically respectively. After being O 𝐵
struck, the ball travels freely under
gravity until it strikes the ground at  At point , the component is 0
point .  Set this part of the expression from b) equal to 0…
2
a) Find the speed of the ball 1.5 8 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 + 20= 0 Solve using the quadratic formula, with ,
and
8.4 𝑚𝑠 seconds after being struck
−1
𝑡 =−1.362 𝑜𝑟 2.995
b) Find an expression for the position We can then substitute the value of 2.995 into the component to
vector, of the ball relative to at see how far the particle has moved in that direction…
time seconds
𝒓 =5 𝑡 𝒊+ ( 8 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2 +20 ) 𝒋 5𝑡𝒊
c) Hence determine the distance Sub in 2.995
¿ 5 (2.995)𝒊
So the distance is 15m (2sf) Calculate
¿ 14.975 𝒊
8B
𝒓 =𝒓 0 + 𝒗 𝑡 𝒗 =𝒖+ 𝒂 𝑡
1 2
𝒓 =𝒖 𝑡 + 𝒂𝑡
Further Kinematics
2

You can also use vector methods with

projectiles

 A key advantage of using vectors is

that they allow you to resolve in
multiple directions at the same time!

8B
Teachings for
Exercise 8C
 Further Kinematics
You need to be able to use calculus to
solve problems involving variable Displacement ()
acceleration in one dimension
Differentiate Integrate
The SUVAT equations can be used
when acceleration is constant and a Velocity ()
particle is moving in a straight line.

Differentiate Integrate
If the acceleration of a particle
varies, you need to use Calculus
Acceleration ()

Velocity is the rate of change of Acceleration is the rate of change of

displacement with respect to time velocity with respect to time

 Therefore, differentiating  Therefore, differentiating velocity

displacement gives velocity gives acceleration

In reverse, use integration!

8C
 Further Kinematics
You need to be able to use calculus to  You will need to use rules you have learnt in pure
solve problems involving variable maths, with both differentiation and integration…
acceleration in one dimension
𝑎=𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜋 𝑡 Integrate using patterns you have learnt
A particle is moving in a straight line (remember that you can think ‘how would I
with acceleration at time t seconds 1 get to by differentiating…)
given by: 𝑣= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +𝑐
2𝜋 We need to find the value of .
 We know that at time , the
, 1 1 velocity is
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 (0)+𝑐
2𝜋 2 𝜋
The velocity of the particle at time is
. Find: Calculate
1
=𝑐
a) An expression for the velocity at 2𝜋
We can now use the value of we found in
time seconds the integral we found before…
𝑣=
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 + 1 1
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑣= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +
b) The maximum speed of the particle 2𝜋 2𝜋

c) The distance travelled in the first 3

seconds

8C
 Further Kinematics
1 1
You need to be able to use calculus to 𝑣= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +
2𝜋 2𝜋
solve problems involving variable The maximum value of
acceleration in one dimension 1 1 is 1…
𝑣= ( 1)+
2𝜋 2𝜋
A particle is moving in a straight line Add together
with acceleration at time t seconds 2
given by: 𝑣=
2𝜋
Simplify
, 𝑣=
1
𝜋
The velocity of the particle at time is
. Find: Sometimes you would be asked to find times when
this speed is achieved
a) An expression for the velocity at
1 1
time seconds To do so, you would need to find times that make
𝑣= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +
2𝜋 2𝜋 equal to 1…
b) The maximum speed of the particle
1
𝑣=
𝜋
c) The distance travelled in the first 3
seconds

8C
 Further Kinematics
To find the distance travelled we can integrate the velocity and use
the limits and
You need to be able to use calculus to
solve problems involving variable  Remember that the area under a velocity-time graph is the
acceleration in one dimension distance travelled!
1 1
A particle is moving in a straight line 𝑣=
2𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +
2𝜋
with acceleration at time t seconds
given by:

The velocity of the particle at time is

. Find:
𝒕 =𝟎 𝒕 =𝟑
a) An expression for the velocity at You need to be careful with these questions. If part of the
time seconds graph was below the x-axis, then you would need to split the
1 1 regions up and find their values separately
𝑣= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +
2𝜋 2𝜋
b) The maximum speed of the particle  This is because just integrating the velocity actually gives the
1
𝑣= displacement, not the distance
𝜋
c) The distance travelled in the first 3
seconds  If the graph went below the x-axis, it means the velocity is
negative, hence there is a change of direction of the particle

 This would keep increasing the distance travelled, but would

reduce its displacement…
8C
 Further Kinematics
1 1
You need to be able to use calculus to 𝑣= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +
2𝜋 2𝜋 Write the integral we need
solve problems involving variable
to do
acceleration in one dimension 3
𝑠=∫
0
( 1
2𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜋 𝑡 +
1
2𝜋
𝑑𝑡 ) You can take out the to
A particle is moving in a straight line make things a bit simpler
with acceleration at time t seconds
3
1
given by:
𝑠= ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +1 ) 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 0
Integrate and use a
Sub in
square bracket
[ ]
3
, ¿
1
−
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜋 𝑡 + 𝑡
limits
2𝜋 2𝜋 0
The velocity of the particle at time is
. Find: ¿
1
2𝜋 ([ − 21𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜋 ( 3 )+(3)) − (− 21𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜋 ( 0 ) +( 0))]
a) An expression for the velocity at

𝑣=
1
2𝜋
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋 𝑡 +
2𝜋
time seconds

b) The maximum speed of the particle

¿
1
2𝜋 [( −
1
2𝜋 ) (
+3 − −
1
2𝜋 )] Calculate and round
appropriately if
Simplify

𝑣=
1
3 needed…
𝜋 ¿ 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 0.477 𝑚
c) The distance travelled in the first 3 2𝜋
seconds

8C
 Further Kinematics
You need to be able to use calculus to  Differentiate the formula for the displacement to give
solve problems involving variable a formula for the velocity
acceleration in one dimension 3
2𝑒− 2 𝑡
𝑠=2 𝑡 +
A particle of mass 6kg is moving on the 3 Sometimes writing terms with a
positive x-axis. At time seconds the 3 fraction at the front helps!
1 − 2𝑡
displacement, , of the particle from the 𝑠=2 𝑡 +2
𝑒
origin is given by: 3 Differentiate each term using
1 rules you know
2 2 −2 𝑡
, where 𝑣 =3 𝑡 − 𝑒
3
Sub in
1
a) Find the velocity of the particle 𝑣 =3(1.5) −2 2 − 2(1.5)
𝑒
when 3
Calculate
𝑣 =3.64 𝑚𝑠 −1
b) Given that the particle is acted on by 𝑣 =3.64 𝑚𝑠
−1
a single force of variable magnitude
which acts in the direction of the
positive x-axis, find the value of when

8C
 Further Kinematics
 Remember that …
You need to be able to use calculus to
 So we need to find the value of a after 2 seconds…
solve problems involving variable
acceleration in one dimension  We can differentiate the formula we just used for velocity…

A particle of mass 6kg is moving on the 1

2 2 −2 𝑡
positive x-axis. At time seconds the 𝑣 =3 𝑡 − 𝑒
3
displacement, , of the particle from the Differentiate using rules you know
1
origin is given by: 3 −
2 4 −2𝑡
𝑎= 𝑡 + 𝑒
2 3
, where Sub in
1
3 −
2 4 − 2(2)
𝑎= ( 2) + 𝑒
a) Find the velocity of the particle 2 3
when Calculate

𝑣 =3.64 𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑎=1 .0850 …

b) Given that the particle is acted on by
a single force of variable magnitude  Now we can use this in the formula
which acts in the direction of the
positive x-axis, find the value of when 𝐹 =𝑚𝑎
Sub in and
𝐹 =(6)(1.0850 …)
Calculate and round
𝐹=6.51 𝑁
8C
Teachings for
Exercise 8D
 Further Kinematics
You need to be able to solve problems  Differentiate the position vector to find the
where you have to differentiate velocity vector
vectors
1
−
𝒓 =2 𝑡 3 𝒊+50 𝑡 2
𝒋
When differentiating with vectors, you Differentiate the and
need to differentiate the and −
3 components separately
components separately… 𝒗 =6 𝑡 2 𝒊 −25 𝑡 2
𝒋
Sub in
3
−
A particle of mass 0.8kg is acted on by 𝒗 =6 ( 4)2 𝒊 −25 ( 4) 2
𝒋
a single force . Relative to a fixed origin Calculate
, the position vector of at time 𝒗 =9 6 𝒊 −3.125 𝒋
seconds is metres, where: Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to
find the speed
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =√ ( 96 ) + ( −3.125 )
2 2
,
Calculate
Find: −1 (3sf)
¿ 96.1 𝑚𝑠
a) The speed of when
b) The acceleration of as a vector
when
c) The value of when

8D
 Further Kinematics
1 3
− −
You need to be able to solve problems 3
𝒓 =2 𝑡 𝒊+50 𝑡 2
𝒋
2
𝒗 =6 𝑡 𝒊 −25 𝑡 2
𝒋
where you have to differentiate
vectors  Differentiate the velocity vector to find the
acceleration vector
When differentiating with vectors, you
need to differentiate the and 2
−
3
2
𝒗 =6 𝑡 𝒊 −25 𝑡 𝒋
components separately… Differentiate the and
5 components separately
−
A particle of mass 0.8kg is acted on by
2
𝒂=12 𝑡 𝒊+ 37.5 𝑡 𝒋
a single force . Relative to a fixed origin 5
Sub in
, the position vector of at time
−
2
𝒂= 12 (2) 𝒊 +37.5( 2) 𝒋
seconds is metres, where:
Calculate and simplify
𝒂=2 4 𝒊+ √ 𝒋
75 2
, 16

Find: ¿ 96.1 𝑚𝑠
−1

a) The speed of when

b) The acceleration of as a vector
when
c) The value of when
75 √ 2
𝒂=2 4 𝒊+ 𝒋
16

8D
 Further Kinematics
1 3 75 √ 2
You need to be able to solve problems 𝒓 =2 𝑡 3 𝒊+50 𝑡
−
2
𝒋 𝒗 =6 𝑡 2 𝒊 −25 𝑡
−
2
𝒋 𝒂=2 4 𝒊+ 𝒋
16
where you have to differentiate
vectors
 Use to find the force as a vector
When differentiating with vectors, you
need to differentiate the and
components separately…
𝑭 =𝑚𝒂
Sub in values
A particle of mass 0.8kg is acted on by
a single force . Relative to a fixed origin
(
𝑭 =(0.8) 24 𝒊+ √ 𝒋
75 2
16 ) Calculate
, the position vector of at time
seconds is metres, where: (
𝑭 = 19.2 𝒊+ √ 𝒋 𝑁
15 2
4 )
,

Find: ¿ 96.1 𝑚𝑠
−1

a) The speed of when

b) The acceleration of as a vector
when
c) The value of when
75 √ 2
𝒂=2 4 𝒊+ 𝒋
16

8D
Teachings for
Exercise 8E
 Further Kinematics
You need to be able to solve
problems where you have to
integrate vectors

Similar to differentiating, when

integrating, you need to integrate
the components and the
components separately

 The constant () will also be a

vector, possibly with both and
parts included…

8E
 Further Kinematics
 We need to integrate the velocity to find the position vector

You need to be able to solve

1 2
𝒗 =3 𝑡 𝒊+ 𝑡 𝒋
problems where you have to 2 Integrate each term,
integrate vectors
2 remember to include
3𝑡 1 3
𝒓= 𝒊 + 𝑡 𝒋+ 𝐶
2 6
A particle is moving in a plane. At At , the position vector
time seconds, its velocity, , is given
by: 3(0) 2 1
(2 𝒊 − 3 𝒋)= 𝒊+ ( 0)3 𝒋+ 𝐶
1 2 6 Calculate (you might
𝑣 =3 𝑡 𝒊+ 𝑡 2 𝒋 need to group and
2 terms and rearrange!)
(2 𝒊 − 3 𝒋)=𝐶
When , the position vector of with
respect to a fixed origin is . Find:
2
3𝑡 1 3
𝒓= 𝒊 + 𝑡 𝒋+ 2 𝒊− 3 𝒋
a) The position vector of at time
2 6 Putting the and
seconds 2 terms together
3𝑡 1 3
𝒓= 𝒊 +2 𝒊+ 𝑡 𝒋 − 3 𝒋
2 6 Factorising the
and terms
𝒓=
2(
3𝑡2
) (
1 3
+ 2 𝒊+ 𝑡 −3 𝒋
6 ) separately

8E
 Further Kinematics
 We need to integrate the acceleration to find the
velocity, since this will be the direction of motion
You need to be able to solve
problems where you have to integrate 𝒂=4 𝒊−2 𝑡 𝒋 Integrate to get
vectors
, include
2
𝒗=4 𝑡 𝒊− 𝑡 𝒋 +𝐶 At , we know the
A particle is moving in a plane so that, velocity is
at time seconds, its acceleration is: 2
6 𝒊=4 (3)𝒊 −(3) 𝒋+ 𝐶
−2 Calculate terms
𝒂= ( 4 𝒊 −2 𝑡 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠
At , the velocity of is and the position 6 𝒊=12 𝒊 − 9 𝒋 +𝐶
vector of is with respect to a fixed Rearrange to get the
origin . Find: missing vector
−6 𝒊+9 𝒋=𝐶
a) The angle between the direction of
motion of , and , when 2
𝒗=4 𝑡 𝒊− 𝑡 𝒋 − 6 𝒊+9 𝒋 Group and terms
and factorise
2
𝒗 =( 4 𝑡 − 6 ) 𝒊+(−𝑡 +9) 𝒋
b) The distance of from when Sub in to find the
𝒗 =( 4 (2) −6 ) 𝒊+(−( 2) + 9) 𝒋
2 velocity vector

Calculate terms
𝒗 =2 𝒊 +5 𝒋
8E
 Further Kinematics
You need to be able to solve 𝒗 =2 𝒊 +5 𝒋
problems where you have to integrate
vectors
2 𝒊+5 𝒋
5𝒋
A particle is moving in a plane so that,
at time seconds, its acceleration is: θ

𝒂= ( 4 𝒊 −2 𝑡 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠
−2
2𝒊
At , the velocity of is and the position 𝑂𝑝𝑝
vector of is with respect to a fixed 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
𝐴𝑑𝑗 Sub in opp and
origin . Find:
adj
5
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
a) The angle between the direction of
2
Inverse Tan
motion of , and , when
𝜃=𝑇𝑎 𝑛−1 ()
5
2 This angle is the one we want
 It is between the direction of
b) The distance of from when motion and the direction I
𝜃=68.2° (horizontal)

8E
 Further Kinematics
𝒂=4 𝒊−2 𝑡 𝒋 2
𝒗 =( 4 𝑡 − 6 ) 𝒊+(−𝑡 +9) 𝒋
You need to be able to solve
problems where you have to integrate  We need to integrate the velocity vector to find the
vectors position vector
2
𝒗 =( 4 𝑡 − 6 ) 𝒊+(−𝑡 +9) 𝒋
A particle is moving in a plane so that, Integrate to get
at time seconds, its acceleration is:
( ), include
3
𝑡
−2 𝒓 = ( 2 𝑡
2
−6 𝑡 ) 𝒊+ − + 9 𝑡 𝒋+ 𝐷 Sub in
𝒂= ( 4 𝒊 −2 𝑡 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠 3
values we

( )
3
At , the velocity of is and the position (3) are told
vector of is with respect to a fixed (20 𝒊+3 𝒋)=( 2(3) −6 (3) ) 𝒊+ − 3 +9 (3) 𝒋+ 𝐷
2

Calculate
origin . Find:
terms
(20 𝒊+3 𝒋)=18 𝒋+ 𝐷
Rearrange
a) The angle between the direction of to find
motion of , and , when (20 𝒊− 15 𝒋)=𝐷
θ = 68.2°
b) The distance of from when
( 𝑡3
)
𝒓 =( 2 𝑡 −6 𝑡 ) 𝒊+ − + 9 𝑡 𝒋+ 20 𝒊 −15 𝒋 Group and
2
3
terms and

( )
3
𝑡 factorise
𝒓 =( 2 𝑡 −6 𝑡 +20 ) 𝒊+ −
2
+9 𝑡 −15 𝒋
3
8E
 Further Kinematics
𝒂=4 𝒊−2 𝑡 𝒋 2
𝒗 =( 4 𝑡 − 6 ) 𝒊+(−𝑡 +9) 𝒋
You need to be able to solve
problems where you have to integrate
vectors (𝑡3
𝒓 =( 2 𝑡 −6 𝑡 +20 ) 𝒊+ − +9 𝑡 −15 𝒋
2
3 )
 Now we can use the value of
A particle is moving in a plane so that,
at time seconds, its acceleration is:
𝒂= ( 4 𝒊 −2 𝑡 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠
−2 2
( 𝑡3
𝒓 =( 2 𝑡 −6 𝑡 +20 ) 𝒊+ − +9 𝑡 −15 𝒋
3 ) Sub in
At , the velocity of is and the position
vector of is with respect to a fixed
origin . Find:
2
(
𝒓 =( 2 (0) −6 (0)+20 ) 𝒊+ −
( 0 )3
3 )
+ 9( 0)− 15 𝒋
Calculate

a) The angle between the direction of 𝒓 =20 𝒊 −15 𝒋

motion of , and , when

θ = 68.2°  Remember that this is not the distance…

b) The distance of from when

8E
 Further Kinematics
𝒂=4 𝒊−2 𝑡 𝒋 2
𝒗 =( 4 𝑡 − 6 ) 𝒊+(−𝑡 +9) 𝒋
You need to be able to solve
problems where you have to integrate
vectors (
𝑡3
𝒓 =( 2 𝑡 −6 𝑡 +20 ) 𝒊+ − +9 𝑡 −15 𝒋
2
3 )
A particle is moving in a plane so that,
at time seconds, its acceleration is:
𝒓 =20 𝒊 −15 𝒋
𝒂= ( 4 𝒊 −2 𝑡 𝒋 ) 𝑚 𝑠
−2
20 𝒊
At , the velocity of is and the position
vector of is with respect to a fixed
origin . Find: −15 𝒋
20 𝒊 − 15 𝒋
a) The angle between the direction of
motion of , and , when
Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to calculate the actual
θ = 68.2° distance – the vector just represents the displacement
b) The distance of from when

25 𝑚 √(20)2 +(− 15)2

¿ 25 𝑚
8E
 Further Kinematics
You need to be able to solve problems 𝒗 =( 3 𝑡 2 −8 ) 𝒊+5 𝒋
where you have to integrate vectors Integrate to find ,
include
𝒓 =( 𝑡 3 − 8 𝑡 ) 𝒊+5 𝑡 𝒋 +𝐶
Sub in the
The velocity of a particle at time values given
seconds is given by: 2 𝒊 − 4 𝒋=( (0)3 − 8(0) ) 𝒊+5 (0) 𝒋 +𝐶
𝒗 =( 3 𝑡 2 −8 ) 𝒊+5 𝒋 Find
2 𝒊− 4 𝒋=𝐶
When , the position vector of with
respect to a fixed origin is
a) Find the position vector of after
seconds 𝒓 =( 𝑡 3 − 8 𝑡 ) 𝒊+5 𝑡 𝒋 +𝐶
Sub in the value
𝒓 =( 𝑡 − 8 𝑡 + 2 ) 𝒊+(5 𝑡 − 4) 𝒋
3 of we found
𝒓 =( 𝑡 3 − 8 𝑡 ) 𝒊+5 𝑡 𝒋 +2 𝒊 − 4 𝒋
Group and terms
and factorise
𝒓 =( 𝑡 3 − 8 𝑡 + 2 ) 𝒊+(5 𝑡 − 4) 𝒋

8E
 Further Kinematics
You need to be able to solve problems If the particles collide, there must be a time for which their
where you have to integrate vectors and components are both the same
 Find the time for which either the ’s or ’s are equal, and
check if it works for the other component
 Start by finding an equation for the position vector of in
The velocity of a particle at time
terms of
seconds is given by:
𝒗 =( 3 𝑡 2 −8 ) 𝒊+5 𝒋 𝒗 =8 𝒊+ 4 𝒋 Integrate to find ,
When , the position vector of with include
respect to a fixed origin is 𝒓 =8 𝑡 𝒊 +4 𝑡 𝒋 +𝐷
Sub in the values given
a) Find the position vector of after 2 𝒊=8 (0)𝒊+4 (0) 𝒋 +𝐷
seconds Find
2 𝒊=𝐷
𝒓 =( 𝑡 − 8 𝑡 + 2 ) 𝒊+(5 𝑡 − 4) 𝒋
3

A second particle moves with constant

velocity . When , the position vector of 𝒓 =8 𝑡 𝒊 +4 𝑡 𝒋 +𝐷 Sub in the value
Q with respect to the origin is . of we have
b) Prove that and collide
𝒓 =8 𝑡 𝒊 +4 𝑡 𝒋 +2 𝒊 Group and terms and
factorise
𝒓 =( 8 𝑡 +2) 𝒊+ 4 𝑡 𝒋
𝒓 =( 8 𝑡 +2) 𝒊+ 4 𝑡 𝒋
8E
 Further Kinematics
For For
You need to be able to solve problems
where you have to integrate vectors 𝒓 =( 8 𝑡 +2) 𝒊+ 4 𝑡 𝒋 𝒓 =( 𝑡 3 − 8 𝑡 + 2 ) 𝒊+(5 𝑡 − 4) 𝒋
Find the value of for which the terms are equal (this is
easier than comparing the terms!)
The velocity of a particle at time
seconds is given by: 4 𝑡=5 𝑡 − 4 Solve for
𝒗 =( 3 𝑡 −8 ) 𝒊+5 𝒋
2
𝑡=4
When , the position vector of with So when seconds, the particles have the same component
respect to a fixed origin is (16)

a) Find the position vector of after  This does not necessarily mean they collide, just that
seconds they are in the same position vertically

𝒓 =( 𝑡 3 − 8 𝑡 + 2 ) 𝒊+(5 𝑡 − 4) 𝒋  See if they are also in the same horizontal position by

A second particle moves with constant subbing into the components
velocity . When , the position vector of For Q For P
Q with respect to the origin is . 8 𝑡 +2 𝑡 3 − 8 𝑡 +2
b) Prove that and collide 8 ( 4)+2 3
( 4) −8 ( 4)+2
¿ 34 ¿ 34
𝒓 =( 8 𝑡 +2) 𝒊+ 4 𝑡 𝒋 So the particles collide after 4 seconds at position
8E