5

Gift Giving & Bribery

4
Money Laundering

3
Tax Evasion & Avoidance

2
Problem of Just Wage
1
Whistleblowing

Introduction

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Issues
Problems
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ETHICA
 ETHICAL ISSUES IN
BUSINESS
a moral conflict arises and must be addressed

Tax Evasion & Avoidance

Problem of Just Wage

Gift Giving & Bribery

Money Laundering

Whistleblowing

Introduction
Business Ethics Unethical Business Behavior Ethical Dilemma
The application of morals to Main Drivers A situation in which one chooses
behavior related to the exchange Selfish Interest from alternative courses of actions,
environment. (personal gain) each with different ethical
Ethical and Legal Heavy Pressures implications.
Knowing the rules and laws and (peer pressure)
Profitability over Ethical Behavior
Ethical Decision
your employer is expected you to do Choosing between ethically right or
it in accordance to your behavior. (bending the rules for the
purpose of profit) wrong options.

Ethical issues in business can be a difficult challenge to navigate for any business owner.
Though there are laws and statutes that exist to hold workers and employers accountable, these alone do not
entirely deter employees from behaving unethically.
 WHISTLEBLOWING and RAISING
CONCERNS
Objective:
 To eradicate unethical behavior
 To create a whistle blowing culture

WHISTEBLOW WHISTEBLOW TYPES OF

ING ER WHISTEBLOW
Tax Evasion & Avoidance

Problem of Just Wage

witness ING
Gift Giving & Bribery

calling attention
Money Laundering

Whistleblowing

The act of reporting an
organization to proper
authorities for violating
the law.
It is about exposing
dangerous or illegal
practices.
must be in public interest
Introduction
A person, usually an TYPES
employee, who exposes  Internal (organization)
confidential information or  External (public)
activity within a private,
public, or government Methods & Channels
organization that is deemed  Open
illegal, immoral, illicit,  Confidential
unsafe, fraud, or abuse of  Anonymous
power.

“foul play” “protected disclosure” “misconduct”

Someone must have known what was happening

Risks and Rewards Scope of Reportable Conditions Note: Violations should be serious
Risks A violation of law, rule, regulation, policy:
Whistleblower:
 Retaliation
 Physical or psychological isolation
 Credibility ruined
 Family, health, and/or life in jeopardy
Organization:
 Experiences loss of:
o money and productivity
o reputation
 Imprisonment Health & Environment: specific danger to public health & safety, risk to environment
Rewards Criminal Offence: fraud, bribery, corruption, plunder, misappropriation of assets
Viewed as public service and offers financial rewards Abuse of Authority: conflict of interest, sexual favors & harassment

Whistleblowing
Whistleblowing
Legal Protection
Whistleblower Protection Law Act
Is Whistle-blowing an Ethical Act Practice?
protecting citizens who disclose wrongdoing from retaliatory acts ETHICAL Practice
You are protected by this law ONLY if: Appropriate motive
 Internal Reporting (you tell your employer about the problem and  get the company to comply with the law
allow a reasonable time for it to be corrected)  to protect potential victims
 You have good reason to believe that your employer will not  believes more harm than good to other people
correct the problem  believes a responsibility exists to protect the public interest
FALSE CLAIMS ACT (FCA) UNETHICAL Practice
 If a Whistleblower makes allegations that are determined to be Motive is for self-interest
fabricated or malicious falsehoods, and/or he persists in  To get revenge (personal revenge)
making them, legal action may be taken against him (subject for  To get money (reward)
penalty or imprisonment)
Aim: to promote transparency and accountability to uphold the highest
ethical standards among its employees as well as promote good governance
at all levels of the organization.

Whistleblowing is a protected activity by state

 The Problem of Just Wage
WORK the purpose of obtaining economic gain for the laborer
What is a SALARY?
white collar employees
Tax Evasion & Avoidance
Gift Giving & Bribery
• A fixed regular payment
Money Laundering
• Paid on a monthly or
biweekly basis (annual sum)
• The amount is determined
usually in a contract signed
• Salaried employees have
contract (mostly permanent)
Contribution of work cannot be easily
measured
COMPENSATION
and
BENEFITS
Compensation: the monetary
provisions that are provided to the
employees by the hiring organization
(wages, salaries, pay raise, holiday pay,
premium pay, overtime pay, night shift dif)
Benefits: additional benefits on
top of the basic salary or wage
(incentivized bonuses, leave, retirement
benefits, allowances, insurance, SSS,GSIS)
Justice should be a substance of
compensation
What is a WAGE?
blue collar employees
Problem of Just Wage
• Paid in hourly, daily or weekly
Whistleblowing
• Paid at a regular rate for
Introduction
regular hours (minimum 8 hours)
• Payment may vary monthly
• No Work, No Pay Policy
• May or may have a contract
A just wage is an ultimate fruit of
labor
 TYPES OF
Minimum Wage
Lowest Limit WAGES
o The lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement - RA 602 (depends on the job, industry, and location) NCR P500-537
Province P300-360

Above minimum wage but below living wage Factors to Consider in the Formulation of FAIR WAGES
Just Wage o The renumeration which is enough to support the wage-earner o Laws and Regulations
in a reasonable and frugal comfort o Individual Performances
o Less compensation being given to workers o Job Factors
o Being denied for basic human rights to food, shelter, nutrition, health, o Cost of Living
housing and education and suffer social deprivations o Organizational Factors

Upper Limit to be set by the capacity of the industry to pay

Living Wage “enough to meet basic needs and to provide some discretionary income”

Problem of Just Wage

high enough to maintain a normal standard of living
BASIC NEEDS
nutrition, transportation, housing, healthcare, childcare, education and savings within regulated working hours
(without overtime hours)

Family Wage A wage that is sufficient to raise a family

REAL WAGE wages adjusted for the effects of inflation

JUSTIFICATIONS FOR PAYING A LIVING WAGE
Classification measured in terms of actual purchasing power
o Efficiency Wage Theory – improved pay can lift productivity NOMINAL WAGE wages expressed in a monetary form,
o Improved Employee Retention – reduced attrition means lower recruitment and training costs
o Stronger Industrial Relations – lower risk of strike action do not take into account changes in prices
o Corporate Social Responsibility – improved quality of life measured in terms of money paid, not in purchasing power
TYPES OF
CONTRACTUAL Employees EMPLOYEES PROBATIONARY Employees
Those who are hired or “contracted” for a specific Those who are hired for the purpose of hiring them
project or timeframe for a set fee (not entitled for benefits) permanently as their skills are needed for the continued
Types: Fixed-term Employment, Project Employment, Seasonal operations of the company
Employment, Casual Employment Types: Regular or Permanent Employment (eligible for benefits)
(fast food chain workers, construction workers, freelancers) (government employees, BPO, private employees)
 Ways Employees are NOT properly COMPENSATED The pros and cons of ↑ minimum wage
Wage-earner point of view
 Poverty Alleviation
 Reduce Wage Differential
 Boost Employee Morale
 Inflation (increasing purchasing power)
 Fiscal Benefit to Government
Economist point of view
 Higher Unemployment
 Those who are not on MW may ask for increase wages to
• Employers sometimes pay less than the required minimum wage keep wage differential
• Employers require employees to report fewer hours than they actually work  Cost to Business and harm other companies
• Employers incorrectly classify employees and pay them a straight salary no (shutting down, relocation)
matter how many hours they work  Increase Inflation - force business to raise price
(which reduces the purchasing power of consumer)

WAGE INEQUALITY IS DRIVEN BY The Law of Supply and Demand on Labor

P10,476 LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION Higher salary or wage in the labor market leads to a decrease in the quantity
of labor demanded by employers
 The low-paying lower tier of the labor market is
Lower salary or wage leads to an increase in the quantity of labor demanded
P11,651 informal and casual, or part time and mostly rural
 The well-paying upper tier is formal, secure, and Unemployment
P11,806 mostly urban.
CONCLUSION:
P12,592 Workers in the lower tier are poorly educated
and hold low-skilled jobs, while those in the
upper tier have at least secondary education and
P13,272 hold middle- and high-skilled jobs .

Equilibrium Wage Wo-Qo

he right to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work, in particular remuneration which provides all workers, as a minimum, with fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value, and a decent
living for themselves and their families.
 WHAT is TAX?
Tax is a compulsory, individual and non-refundable payment made to
the state or local budget in the form of collection of monetary means
from taxpayers with the purpose of providing the financial basis to the
state and municipal activities.
Failure to pay taxes is punishable by law
Tax Avoidance
Is the legal way to reduce the tax liability by
following the methods that are allowed in the income

Tax Evasion & Avoidance

Gift Giving & Bribery

Problem of Just Wage

tax laws of the country such as taking permissible
Money Laundering

Whistleblowing
Introduction
deductions, etc.
 The only purpose of tax avoidance is to postpone or shift or
eliminate the tax liability.
 This can be done investing in government schemes and offers like
the tax credit, tax privileges, deductions, exemptions, etc., which
will result in the reduction in the tax liability without making any
offence or breach of law.
Tax Evasion
Is a fraudulent tax practice where a taxpayer adopts
illegal measures for refraining from tax liability.
Tax Evasion is a criminal activity for which the assessee is subject
to punishment under the law. It involves acts like:
 Deliberate misrepresentation of material facts
 Hiding relevant documents
 Not maintaining complete records of all the transactions
 Making false statements
 BASIS OF COMPARISON

TAX AVOIDANCE TAX EVASION

MEANING Minimization of tax liability by taking such MEANING Reducing tax liability by using illegal ways
means which do not violate the tax rules

Objective To reduce tax liability by applying the script of law Objective To reduce tax liability by exercising unfair means

What is it? Hedging of tax What is it? Concealment of tax

Tax Evasion & Avoidance

Immoral in nature, which involves bending the law
Attributes Attributes Illegal and objectionable, both in script and moral
without breaking it
Concept Taking unfair advantage of the shortcomings in the tax Concept Deliberate manipulations in accounts resulting in
laws fraud

Type of Act Legal Type of Act Criminal

Legal implication Use of Justified means Legal implication Use of such means that are forbidden by law
Consequences Deferment of tax liability Consequences Penalty or imprisonment

 Using a legal way of avoiding tax like by investing in certain

schemes as provided by local laws;
Example o e g. Opening Public Provident Fund account and investing in
the same regularly to reduce taxes.
 Creating other legal entities and splitting revenue
between them to be eligible for tax slab benefits.
 Hiding your true income by understating the same
Example  Overstating expenses in your return
 Using offshore accounts to hide interest income
 Keeping transactions unrecorded
 “If you are rich, is it a sin to pay taxes?” It is simply process of converting dirty money
into clean money.
What is MONEY LAUNDERING? The funds or money obtain from illicit activities is considered as
Is an illegal process of making dirty money dirty and money laundering is the process used to make it look
appear legitimate instead of clean.
ill-gotten.
How do Fraudster Manage to do
Money Laundering?

Illegal/Dirty Money Conversion Legal/Clean Money 1. Smurfs / Smurfing / Structuring

o Money launderers who wants to avoid government

Tax Evasion & Avoidance

scrutiny

Problem of Just Wage

Gift Giving & Bribery

Money Laundering
o Disintegrate into various deposits and investments

Whistleblowing
3 METHODS USED TO DISGUISE MONEY

Introduction
LAUNDERING 2. Mules
o They hired individuals to help carry out their
laundering schemes
o They carry money
3. Shell
o Shell Entity’s are companies that do not any business
activity or operations, physical operations, assets, or
employees
o Start-up

Other Methods:

1. Investments in mobile commodities such as

gems and golds
2. Gambling
3. Investing and Selling Valuable Assets
4. Counterfeiting
Money earned in an illegal funds and activity
 Money Laundering in Digital Age
o Money also can be laundered through online
auctions and sales, gambling websites, and
virtual gaming sites, where ill-gotten money is
converted into gaming currency, then back into
real, usable, and untraceable “clean” money.
Ways how technology is helping Money
Laundering Activities
o Money can be transferred or withdrawn with
little or no trace of an IP Address.
o The newest frontier of money laundering
involves cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin .
What’s with Cryptocurrencies?
o Governments observed a surge in money
laundering using cryptocurrency.
o Tax authorities, too, were bound to take note
that invisible wealth is difficult or impossible
to tax.
How to prevent Money Laundering?
“From January to August, the AMLC filed a total of 85
cases, civil and criminal, involving over P1.31 billion
and other assets”.
Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001
REPUBLIC ACT NO.9160
Money Laundering
An act defining the crime of money laundering,
providing penalties therefore and for other purposes.
1. Central Bank's primary goal is to preserve market
stability in order to promote steady and long-term economic
development.
2. BSP also seeks to foster and maintain monetary stability
as well as the national currency's convertibility.
 What is Gift Giving?
An act of extending goodwill to an individual to share
something.
Giving in itself is fairly innocuous and it is based
upon the philosophy of reciprocity which is
commonly articulated by phrases such as
“what goes around comes around"
“what you sow, you will reap”

Tax Evasion & Avoidance

Problem of Just Wage

Gift Giving & Bribery

Money Laundering

Whistleblowing
Introduction
What to consider in Gift-Giving? Reasons for Gift-Giving
 Value of the Gift  To show appreciation
 Purpose of the Gift  To build and reinforce relationships
 Law and Regulations  To help others
 Company Policy  Symbolic Communication
 Relationship of receiver and giver  To receive something in return
What is Bribery?
Criminal and corrupt practice where an
entity offers something of value to a
corporate or public official in exchange for
their cooperation in influencing a decision-
making process, committing or allowing
fraud against the official’s organization, or
otherwise violating their official duties.
BRIBES ARE ILLEGAL
Components Of Bribery
Active Bribery – person who is giving
Passive Bribery – person who is receiving
Facilitation Payments – made retain business or
other improper rewards
How to know if it is Gift-Giving or Bribery?
Gift and Bribe
depends on people’s perspective
Giving or receiving a gift is legal.
Dimitri Mortelmans Despite claims that gift giving is perceived
as an altruistic act, it always triggers a return
or, at the very least, a feeling of obligation
Gift Giving & Bribery
by the recipient of the gift to repay the
favour.
BRIBES COME WITH STRINGS
ATTACHED
“When we give someone a gift, we are
communicating to the receiver that we are
placing a value to that relationship, a value that
will shape the participants’ present and future
expectations and behaviour”.
Republic Act No.6713 or the Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards for Public Officials and Employees

Makes it prohibited for any public official or employee to

solicit or accept whether directly or indirectly, any gift,
gratuity, favour, entertainment, loan or anything of
monetary value from any person in the course of their
official duties or in connection with any operation
regulated by the office or any transaction affected by the
latter.

Gift Giving & Bribery

Presidential Decree (PD) No.46

Law making it punishable for Public Officials and

Employees to Receive, and for Private Persons to Give,
Gifts on any occasion, including Christmas, prohibits
public officers from receiving gifts and entertainment and
private individuals from offering the same when the gift
is given by reason of the public officer or employee’s
position.

Republic Act No. 3019, Anti-Graft & Corrupt Practices Act

General rule under RA 3019 is that no gifts are allowed if

the value is manifestly excessive.
 Reporters

Conflict of Interest

10
Trade Secrets

9
Corporate Disclosure
Product Misrepresentation

8
Caveat Emptor
7
Morality of Labor Strikes
6

Unfair Competition

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Problems
Business and CorporateWorld
ETHICA
 UNFAIR COMPETITION FAIR UNFAIR
Competition Competition
 An unethical business practice that can harm
consumers or other businesses to gain
• Producing quality goods • Fixing prices with the rivals
advantage over them. • Becoming cost-efficient • Setting a price which is
 Classified unfair competition if acts causes • Optimizing the use of resources lower than cost in order to
confusion, misleading, and/or damaging throw out competitors from
• Adopting the best available the market
reputation of the business. technology
• Advertising that belittles
• Investing in research and other’s product etc.
Examples of Unfair Competition: development, etc.
Morality of Labor Strikes 1. Trademark Infringement
Product Misrepresentation
Conflict of Interest

Corporate Disclosure

Unfair Competition
2. Unauthorized substitution of one brand goods for
Caveat Emptor

another
Trade Secrets
Reporters

3. Misappropriation of Trade secrets

4. False representation of products and services
5. False advertising
6. Rumor Mongering
7. Below-Cost selling

PHILIPPINE COMPETITION ACT

(PCA)
R.A 10667
The primary competition policy of the Philippines for
promoting and protecting competitive market.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

R.A NO. 8293

Law which punishes unfair competition bitter competition, unfair game, competitive activity
 MORALITY OF LABOR
STRIKES
Department of Labor and Employment Labor Relations
(Article 263)

The Right to Strike!

 It is the policy of the State to encourage free trade
unionism and free collective bargaining
 Workers shall have the right to engage in concerted
activities for purposes of collective bargaining or for
their mutual benefit and protection.

Morality of Labor Strikes

 The right of legitimate labor organizations to strike and
Product Misrepresentation
Conflict of Interest

Corporate Disclosure

Unfair Competition
picket and of employers to lockout, consistent with the
national interest, shall continue to be recognized and
Caveat Emptor
Trade Secrets
Reporters

respected. LABOR STRIKE

LABOR UNION  A work stoppage, caused by the mass
A labor union is simply a group of workers who have refusal of employees to work under the
banded together, and decided to act together to form a conditions required by employers.
negotiating corporation on behalf of themselves.  Usually takes place in response to
Aims of the Union: employee grievance.
1. Mutual Insurance
2. Better conditions of employment WHY WORKERS GO ON STRIKE?
(wages, hours, sanitation, safety)
 For higher compensation
Methods of the Union:
 Improve the workplace
Strike any temporary stoppage of work by the concerted  For shorter working days
action of the employees
 To stop their wages from going down
Picketing generally accompanied by the carrying and
display of signs, placards or banners
 For more benefits
Lockout temporary refusal of an employer to furnish work  Because they think their company is being unfair
 Morality of Labor Strikes
Therefore, we may safely conclude that
laborers have a moral right to unite to
obtain better terms from their
employers, if this action would involve
no injustice to either the employer or
the consumer.

WILDCAT STRIKE
 PRODUCT MISREPRESENTATION CAVEAT EMPTOR

Misrepresentation is observed when Caveat Emptor is a fundamental principle of

there is a transformation of information to the law of sales of goods
misinformation.
 It means “Caution Buyer”,
 When a manufacturer or seller
“Let the buyer beware”
misrepresents a product, that

Morality of Labor Strikes

Product Misrepresentation
Conflict of Interest

Corporate Disclosure

misrepresentation can be the basis for a Caveat means “beware”

Unfair Competition
product liability action. Emptor means “buyer”

Caveat Emptor
Trade Secrets
Reporters

 In the product liability context,

 In other words, it is not the duty of the
misrepresentation occurs when
seller’s to point out defects of his own
product advertising, packaging,
goods.
labels, or other product information
available to consumers misrepresent  The buyer must inspect the goods to
material facts concerning the quality find put of they will suit his purpose.
or use of the product.
 Product Misrepresentation
Two Types of Misrepresentation:
1. Intentional misrepresentation
– a scenario whereby the person is fully aware of
deliberately misrepresents things, commonly
known as lying.
2. Unintentional misrepresentation
– a scenario whereby the person is not aware and
does not deliberately act on misrepresenting
things.
According to Catholic moral theology,
lying becomes sinful only when:
1. It leads the neighbor to error;
2. It breaches a promise; and
3. It violates the nature of speech.
However, lying can be morally justified when it is:
1. Used to protect innocent people;
2. Used to protect national security/important secrets;
3. Used in the name of self-defense; and
Used in protection of bodily integrity
Lying is defined as the act of making others believe
something that they, themselves, do not believe in.
Types of Lying:
Product Misrepresentation
 Use of ambiguous terms:
Caveat Emptor
o Is the act of deliberately using vague terms or open-ended
statements that can have several meanings to mislead people that
one is telling the truth.
 Use of false statements:
o Is the act of making a statement from which false conclusions
may be drawn, eventually misleading others.
 Lying through action:
o Is a type of lying where the person gets caught in the act of
wrongdoing.
 Suppression of correct information:
o Is an intentional or unintentional act of hiding the correct
information which eventually misleads others.
 Business Practices Involving Misrepresentation and Lying

1. Direct Misrepresentation

Deceptive Packaging Short Weighing

In deceptive packaging the product is so It can be easily spotted in wet and dry markets.
packed that it misleads the customer on It is practiced in selling products by different
various fronts quantities.
(in terms of quantity, size, shapes, content)
Shortchanging

Product Misrepresentation
Adulteration Is taken directly from a situation where the seller gives

Caveat Emptor
Unethical practice of corrupting a the customer less than the change he should get.
genuine commodity by imitating or by It covers all situations from quality to quantity of goods
adding something to increase its bulk the buyer should get in exchange for money.
or volume.

Misbranding or Mislabeling Short Measuring

Is the act of copying a product’s design to Is an unethical practice observed in products that
the closest possible way giving an depend on length and/or volume.
impression that it is the same with the
leading brand. Short Numbering
The seller gives the consumer the quantity by
Misleading Advertising piece of the product less than the number he has
Materially false or misleading paid for.
representations concerning a product or Often practiced when the product being sold
service. comes or is packed in a manner that would make
counting difficult or inconvenient for the
consumer.
 Business Practices Involving Misrepresentation and Lying

2. Indirect Misrepresentation

Caveat Emptor means “let the buyer beware”

It is the responsibility of the consumer to determine for himself the defects of negative
features of the product.
Therefore, it is not the responsibility of the seller to reveal any defect of the product he is
selling, thus, the costumer cannot expect the seller to voluntarily provide that kind of

Product Misrepresentation
information.

Caveat Emptor
Deliberately withholding information in any business transaction
An unethical practice. All parties involved in all business transactions must know exactly
what they are giving away or receiving in return, in order to be fair.

Business Ignorance
Is a form of passive deception because the businessman is unable to provide the
customer with the complete information he needs to make a fair decision.
Ignorance of costs
The cost of manufacture, the cost to sell, and the attendant administrative costs, is
another form of business ignorance which is just as harmful and inexcusable as
ignorance of the product one is selling.
Conclusion:
As buyer, we must be aware of our right of inspection, investigate and for selection of right
items for required job to avoid scams.
Before we purchase, we should be watchful and check all the details of the item.
Do not to rely on seller’s skills.
 TRADE SECRETS CORPORATE
Knowing when to keep them
DISCLOSURE
Knowing when to provide them
Trade Secret is the legal term for confidential Corporate Disclosure is the information that a
business information. corporation is morally obliged to disclose coincides
That piece of information allows the company to with much that is legally required, though pressures
complete effectively. for increased disclosure are based, for the most part,
Examples on moral arguments.

Morality of Labor Strikes

Product Misrepresentation
Corporate Disclosure
Conflict of Interest

 Secret components (formulas or recipe)

Unfair Competition
The moral basis for disclosure of corporation
 Manufacturing process information rests primarily on two moral

Caveat Emptor
Trade Secrets
Reporters

 Marketing plans principles:

 Sales/price/cost data o Each person has the right to access the information
 Technology he/she needs to enter into a transaction fairly.
(confidential software application features/algorithms) o Each person has the right to know those actions of
others that will have a serious & adverse impact.
Three Common Elements
1. A trade secret is information that has value by virtue
of not being generally known.
A transaction is fair if those who are a party to
it have access to the appropriate information
2. The information has value to others who cannot
and freely enter into it.
legitimately obtain the information.
3. The information is subject to reasonable efforts to
maintain its secrecy.

Non-Disclosure Agreement or Confidential Disclosure Agreement

(secrecy agreement)
 COMPAN Outside Business Interests PERSONA
Y
Interests  Family and Friends
Communications
Gifts and Entertainment
X L
Interests
and Duties or Loyalties

Conflict of Interest

Morality of Labor Strikes

Product Misrepresentation
Corporate Disclosure
Conflict of Interest

Unfair Competition
a situation in which a person or organization has

Caveat Emptor
Trade Secrets
two or more competing interests
Reporters

When a conflict of interest occurs, the person or

organization can't perform their duties appropriately
because it would mean betraying their interests to one of
the parties within the situation.
Be aware Declare Adhere
What problem occurs when there’s conflict of interest among employees & employer in a company?

Nepotism
Nepotism is a situation in which a person provides favors or benefits to family
members based on relationship rather than qualification.
For example, a person might hire their brother for an open position rather than a more qualified
candidate simply because they're related to that person.
Self-dealing
Self-dealing is a situation in which a person, usually a high-ranking official within a
large corporation, uses the company's money or access for personal betterment at the
expense of the business.

Conflict of Interest
For example, a person might take money from their company as a personal loan.
Excess compensation
Excess compensation is most common in the non-profit sector.
It occurs when the organization pays an employee, usually high-ranking with
substantial social or political influence, far more than they do other, similar roles
or comparable roles in other organizations.
External employment
When someone works more than one job in the same sector, a conflict of interest
can arise.
For example, one of the person's companies may have access to proprietary information the Tips for avoiding conflict of
other business does not. If the employee uses that information for their second job, that would
be a conflict of interest. interest:
 Know your company's policies
Gifts  Ensure transparency
Accepting gifts from external stakeholders to gain an advantage is a conflict of interest.  Remove yourself
For example, if a pharmaceutical company gives a doctor a gift with the hope that the doctor will promote
 Decline when necessary
and prescribe their company's medicines, that's a conflict of interest for the doctor.
 Disclose as needed

affects their decision-making at work, their ability to complete job duties, and their loyalty to their employer
 04
01

GAY

ZEDTRICK, TINTE
DALUPANG, CRYSTAL

05
02

Thank You!
BERNARD
MERCIALES,

BALAO, JERALD
Group 7 Reporters

06
03

JENNICA
PALASIGUE,
PENINOY, ELVIE

Reporters
Conflict of Interest
Trade Secrets
Corporate Disclosure
Product Misrepresentation
Caveat Emptor

Morality of Labor Strikes

Unfair Competition