11-1 FRAMING

WiFi, Bluetooth,
The data link layer needs to pack bits into frames, so that each frame is distinguishable
from another. Our postal system practices a type of framing. The simple act of
Chapter
inserting a letter into an envelope separates 7 of information from another;
one piece

ZigBeeTransmission
and Media
the envelope serves as the delimiter.

NFC, Infrared
Fixed-Size Framing

Variable-Size Framing

11.1
7.1
6.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Wireless Broadband Technologies

802.11n
Throughput

4G

802.11 a/b/g
3.5G

Coverage Range
MobiHoc '10 2
Wireless Technology Differences
Standard Family Downlink Uplink Coverage
(Mbps) (Mbps)

WiFi 802.11 11/54/150/300 100m

WiMAX 802.16e 144 35 10km

UMTS (3G) 3GPP 14.4 5.76 30km

/HSPA (3.5G)

LTE (4G) 3GPP 360 80 30km

MobiHoc '10 4
 Wireless Technology Trends
• WiFi
– More hotspots, higher speed
(802.11 a/b/g -> 802.11 n)
• WiMAX
– Bill Payne (CTO, Motorolla), said WiMAX will finally
evolve into LTE.
• LTE
– Good coverage and high throughput (with
offloading)
MobiHoc '10 5
Why Offloading?

MobiHoc '10 6
 How to offload?
• WiFi
– Opportunistically use WiFi hotspots once they are
available

MobiHoc '10 7
 WiFi
• What is WiFi
– Short for “Wireless Fidelity”
– A trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance
– The brand name for products using the IEEE
802.11 family of standards
– Commonly used for “wireless local area network”
(WLAN)
 IEEE 802.11 Family
Protocol Release Freq. (GHz) Data Rate (Mbit/s) Range (m)
(Typical / Max) (Indoor/outdoor)
A Sep 1999 5 / 3.7 20 / 54 35 / 120
B Sep 1999 2.4 5.5 / 11 35 / 140
G Jun 2003 2.4 22 / 54 38 / 140
N Oct 2009 2.4 / 5 110+ / 300+ 70 / 250
 WiFi Network Topology
• Point-to-Multipoint (Access Point)
• Point-to-Point (Ad hoc)
• Multipoint-to-Multipoint (Mesh Network)
WiFi Channels
WiFi radio modes in action
WiFi Direct
 WiFi Direct Features
• Connects devices directly, with or without a Wi-Fi
network or hotspot available
• Makes the connection to open a world of
applications, including content sharing, synch,
printing, gaming and more
• Connects with almost any Wi-Fi CERTIFIED device
• Designed for portable and stationary devices
 Bluetooth
• Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)
• Design goal
– Cable replacement
– Low cost
– Low power
– Small size
– For mobile devices
• Standard: IEEE 802.15.1
 Technical Specification
• Classes
– Class 1 (100mW, 100m range)
– Class 2 (2.5mW, 10m range)
– Class 3 (1mW, 1m range)
• RF
– ISM band between 2.4-2.485GHz
– Frequency hopping over 79 channels, 1600
hops/second
 Bluetooth Version
Version Data rate Feature
1.2 721 kb/s
2.0 + EDR 3 Mb/s Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)
3.0 + HS 24 Mb/s High-Speed
4.0 1 Mb/s (BLE) Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
 WiFi vs. Bluetooth
Bluetooth Wifi
Specifications authority Bluetooth SIG IEEE, WECA
Year of development 1994 1991
Bandwidth Low ( 800 Kbps ) High (11 Mbps )
Hardware requirement Bluetooth adaptor on all the devices Wireless adaptors on all the devices
connecting with each other of the network, a wireless router
and/or wireless access points
Cost Low High
Power Consumption Low High
Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz
Security It is less secure It is more secure
Range 10 meters 100 meters
Primary Devices Mobile phones, mouse, Notebook computers, desktopcomput
keyboards,office and industrial automa ers, servers
tion devices
Ease of Use Fairly simple to use. Can be used to It is more complex and requires
connect upto seven devices at a time. configuration of hardware and
It is easy to switch between devices or software.
find and connect to any device.
 ZigBee
• Design goal
– Low power consumption
– Simple Design
– Few costs
• History
– ZigBee-style networks began in around 1998
– IEEE 802.15.4 was first completed in 2003
– ZigBee Alliance was established in 2002
 Non-Beacon vs Beacon Modes
• Non-Beacon Mode
– A simple, traditional multiple access system used in simple peer and near-peer networks
– Think of it like a two-way radio network, where each client is autonomous and can
initiate a conversation at will, but could interfere with others unintentionally
– However, the recipient may not hear the call or the channel might already be in use
• Beacon Mode
– A very powerful mechanism for controlling power consumption in extended networks
like cluster tree or mesh
– Allows all clients in a local piece of the network the ability to know when to
communicate with each other
– Here, the two-way radio network has a central dispatcher who manages the channel and
arranges the calls
• As you’ll see, the primary value will be in system power consumption
Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance,
Inc.
Example of Non-Beacon Network
• Commercial or home security
– Client units (intrusion sensors, motion detectors, glass break detectors, standing
water sensors, loud sound detectors, etc)
• Sleep 99.999% of the time
• Wake up on a regular yet random basis to announce their continued presence in the
network (“12 o’clock and all’s well”)
• When an event occurs, the sensor wakes up instantly and transmits the alert
(“Somebody’s on the front porch”)
– The ZigBee Coordinator, mains powered, has its receiver on all the time and so can
wait to hear from each of these stations
• Since ZigBee Coordinator has “infinite” source of power it can allow clients to sleep for
unlimited periods of time to allow them to save power
 Example of Beacon Network
• Now make the ZigBee Coordinator battery-operated also
– All units in system are now battery-operated
– Client registration to the network
• Client unit when first powered up listens for the ZigBee Coordinator’s network beacon
(interval between 0.015 and 252 seconds)
• Register with the coordinator and look for any messages directed to it
• Return to sleep, awaking on a schedule specified by the ZigBee Coordinator
• Once client communications are completed, ZigBee coordinator also returns to sleep
– This timing requirement potentially impacts the cost of the timing circuit in each
end device
– Longer intervals of sleep mean that the timer must be more accurate or
– Turn on earlier to make sure that the beacon is heard, increasing receiver power consumption,
or
– Improve the quality of the timing oscillator circuit (increase cost) or
– Control the maximum period of time between beacons to not exceed 252 seconds, keeping
oscillator circuit costs low
– Application examples: environmental sensors in the forest
 Growing the Network
• In a beacon-environment, growing the network means keeping the overall network
synchronized
• According to pre-existing network rules, the joining network’s PAN Coordinator is
probably demoted to Router, and passes along information about its network (as
required) to the PAN coordinator
• Beacon information passed from ZigBee Coordinator to now-Router, router knows now
when to awake to hear network beacon

Joining Network

Existing
Demoted to network’s
router Coordinator

New link established

 Frequencies and Data Rates

• The two PHY bands (UHF/Microwave) have different

physical, protocol-based and geopolitical characteristics
– Worldwide coverage available at 2.4GHz at 250kbps
– 900MHz for Americas and some of the Pacific
– 868MHz for European-specific markets
 Mission Statement
ZigBee Alliance members are defining
global standards for reliable, cost-
effective, low power wireless
applications. The ZigBee Alliance is a
rapidly growing, non-profit industry
consortium of leading semiconductor
manufacturers, technology providers,
OEMs and end users worldwide.
 What is the ZigBee Alliance?
• Organization defining global standards for reliable, cost-
effective, low power wireless applications
• A rapidly growing, worldwide, non-profit industry consortium
of
– Leading semiconductor manufacturers
– Technology providers
– OEMs
– End-users
• Sensors are one of the reasons for ZigBee!
 What is ZigBee technology?
• Cost-effective, standards-based wireless networking solution
• Developed for and targets applications that need
– Low to moderate data rates and low duty cycles
– Low average power consumption / long battery life
– Security and reliability
– Flexible and dynamic network topologies
• Star, cluster tree and mesh networks
– Interoperable application frameworks controlled by an industry
alliance to ensure interoperability/compatibility
 The ZigBee Alliance Solution
• Targeted at
– Industrial and Commercial control/monitoring systems
– Wireless sensor systems
– Home and Building automation and controls
– Medical monitoring
– Consumer electronics
– PC peripherals
• Industry standard through application profiles
• Primary drivers
– Simplicity
– Long battery life
– Networking capabilities
– Reliability
– Low cost
• Alliance member companies provide interoperability and certification testing
 Why do we need ZigBee technology?
• ONLY standards-based technology that
– Addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring
and control and sensory network applications
– Enables the broad-based deployment of wireless networks
with low cost, low power solutions
– Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive primary
batteries for a typical monitoring application
What kind of battery life can a user expect?

• ZigBee protocol was designed from the ground up to support

– very long life battery applications
• Users can expect
– Near-shelf life in a typical monitoring application
• Battery life is ultimately a function of
– battery capacity and application usage
• Many industrial applications are in harsh thermal
environments
– Batteries may include alkalines or Li-primaries
– Other forms of power generation might include solar, mechanical,
piezoelectric
 ZigBee Core Market
• Industrial and Commercial
– Monitors
– Movement Sensors
– Automation
• Personal Healthcare
– Patient monitors
– Remote Diagnosis
– Data loggers
• Building Automation
– Security
– Lighting
– Fire and Safety systems
• Automotive
– Service controls
– Inventory tracking
ZigBee Protocol Stack
 Device Type
• Full Function Device (FFD)
– Network router function
– Any Topology
• Reduced Function Device (RFD)
– Easy and cheap to implement
– Limited to star topology
• Personal Area Network (PAN) Coordinator
– Maintains overall network knowledge
– Needs most memory and computing
– power
 Bluetooth vs. ZigBee
Bluetooth (v1) ZigBee

Protocol Stack 250 kb < 32 kb (4kb)

Range 10 - 100 meters 30 - 100 meters
Link Rate 1 Mbps 250 kbps
Battery rechargeable non-rechargeable
Devices 8 2^16
Air Interface FHSS DSSS
Usage frequently infrequently
Network Join Time long short
Extendibility no yes
Security PIN, 64 bit, 128 Bit 128 bit, AES
 ZigBee and Bluetooth

Competitive or Complementary?
 ZigBee and Bluetooth
Optimized for different applications
• ZigBee • Bluetooth
– Smaller packets over large – Larger packets over small network
network – Ad-hoc networks
– Mostly Static networks with – File transfer; streaming
many, infrequently used – Screen graphics, pictures, hands-
devices free audio, Mobile phones,
– Home automation, toys headsets, PDAs, etc.
remote controls
– Energy saver!!!
 ZigBee and Bluetooth
Address Different Needs
• Bluetooth is a cable
replacement for items
like Phones, Laptop
Computers, Headsets
• Bluetooth expects
regular charging
– Target is to use <10%
of host power
 ZigBee and Bluetooth
Address Different Needs

• ZigBee is better for devices

where the battery is ‘rarely’
replaced
– Targets are :
• Tiny fraction of host power
• New opportunities where
wireless not yet used
 ZigBee and Bluetooth
Air interface
ZigBee Bluetooth
• DSSS- 11 chips/ symbol • FHSS
• 62.5 K symbols/s • 1 M Symbol / second
• 4 Bits/ symbol • Peak Information Rate
• Peak Information Rate ~720 Kbit / second
~128 Kbit/second
 What is NFC?
• Short range radio communication
• Builds on specifications laid out for earlier
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
technology2
• Usually operates within a 4 cm range, but
specifications allow for a range up to 20 cm2
• Uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz2
• Possible transfer rates are 106, 212, 424kbps15
Comparison Between Similar Technologies
14

NFC RFID Bluetooth Wi-Fi

Maximum 10 cm 3m 100 m 100 m
Operating Range
Operating 13.56 MHz Varies1 2.4 GHz 2.4/5 GHz
Frequency (802.11n)
Directional Two way One way Two way Two way
Communication

Bit Rate 106/212/ 424 Varies13 22 Mbps 144 Mbps

Kbps
Potential Uses e-Tickets, Tracking Communicate Wireless
Credit card items, EZ-Pass between internet
payment, phones,
Membership peripheral
card devices
Comparison Between Similar Technologies3
 Applications for NFC
• Use phone like a
contactless credit card 11
– Also could work as a
coupon or gift card
• Apple patent (lower
image) shows ideas for
digital concert tickets,
coupons 10
– Can download tickets to
phone with NFC enabled
computer
 Applications for NFC
• Smart posters/tags 12
– These tags can link to
relevant websites
– Can be used to perform
actions in applications
that are NFC enabled
– Could be used to
download and run a
guide program in a
museum
 Applications for NFC 9

Bus/Train
Store, Theater,
Station, Vehicle Office Anywhere
Restaurant Stadium
Airport

Ticketing Pay by credit

Download and
card
Usage of NFC Mobile Phone

Enter/exit personalize
Get
office building application
information Adjust seat Get loyalty
from smart position points Electronic
Exchange Check usage
poster ticket
business cards history
Open door Get and use
Get coupons Get event
Log into PC Download
information Pay parking information
ticket
from info kiosk fees Share
Print using
information
copier machine Lock phone
Pay bus/taxi and coupon
remotely
fare among users
Industries

Banking
Service

Mass transport Public

Security Retail Entertainment Any
Advertising transport
Credit Card
 NFC Enabled Devices
• Samsung Nexus S16
• Samsung Galaxy II17
• Nokia expects all
phones to have NFC
this year4
• iPhone 5 expected to
have NFC5
 NFC in the Future
• In Turkey, Visa has started a contactless payment
trial for the iPhone (using an peripheral device) 8
• AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile have formed a
group, Isis, promoting NFC in cell phones for
payment6
• London has announced it intends to fully
support NFC payments on all busses, subway,
and light rail transportation systems before the
2012 Olympic Games7
 How NFC Works
• There are two types of NFC devices, active and
passive.
Passive Active
No power source Has own power source
Stores data to be read by Creates RF field to power
another NFC device passive devices
 NFC Interaction
• Based on a message/reply system18
– Device that begins the interaction process is called
the “initiator” and the other called the “target”
– Device X send a message to Device Y. Device Y
then responds. Device Y cannot send data without
being contacted first
– Possible combinations of Active/Passive devices18

Initiator Target
Active Possible Possible
Passive Not Possible Possible
 Inductive Coupling 15

• Induction is the production of electric current

by passing a wire through a magnetic field
• NFC devices have coils built into them. A
magnetic field from a NFC device generates
power in these coils, which initiates the
transmission of data into radio waves22
• Both devices share this power
Inductive Coupling 21
 IR Communication

Materials taken from a variety of sources

including IR Remote for the Boe-Bot
by Andy Lindsay
The Plan: Use a TV Remote to Communicate
with the Boe-Bot
IR signal

Sony TV remote
control

PWM
What is IR: Visible Light Waves
What is Infrared
 The IR Signal
• The IR detector is only looking for infrared that’s flashing on
and off 38,500 times per second.
– It has built-in optical filters that allow very little light except the 980
nm infrared.
– It also has an electronic filter that only allows signals around 38.5
kHz to pass through.
• This is the type of signal produced by the remote control.
• This prevents IR interference from common sources such as
sunlight and indoor lighting.
 Important Concepts
• Pulse width modulation (PWM): Pulse durations are used in many
applications, a few of which are motor control, and communication.
Since the IR detector sends low pulses that can be measured to
determine what information the IR remote is sending, it's an example
of using PWM for communication.

• Carrier signal: The IR remote uses a 38.5 kHz "carrier signal" to

transmit the pulse durations from the remote to the IR detector.

• Communication protocol: A communication protocol is a set of rules

for devices that have to exchange electronic messages. Protocols
tend to have rules for voltages, the amount of time signals last,
carrier signal frequencies and/or wavelengths, and much more.
When two or more devices follow the rules of a given protocol, they
should be able to communicate and exchange information.
 The TV Remote Control
(4 Function Universal Remote)
• You must configure your universal remote so that it
sends PWM messages to a television set using the
SONY protocol.
• TV remote setup
– Press and release the TV key.
– Press and hold the SET key until the indicator LED on the
remote turns on and stays on.
– Use the digit keys to enter 0001. The LED may turn off
briefly as you press each digit.
• VCR remote setup
– Press and release the VCR key.
– Press and hold the SET key until the indicator LED on the
remote turns on and stays on.
– Use the digit keys to enter 1028. The LED may turn off
briefly as you press each digit.
The TV Remote Control (SYSTEMLINK 3
RCA)
• You must configure your universal remote so that it sends
PWM messages using the SONY protocol.
• TV remote setup
– Press and hold the CODE SEARCH button until the indicator LED
lights, then release the CODE SEARCH button.
– Press and release the TV button (the indicator LED will blink and
then remain lit).
– Use the digit keys to enter the code 002. After your code is
entered, the indicator LED will turn off.
• VCR remote setup
– Press and hold the CODE SEARCH button until the indicator LED
lights, then release the CODE SEARCH button.
– Press and release the VCR button (the indicator LED will blink and
then remain lit).
– Use the digit keys to enter the code 004. After your code is
entered, the indicator LED will turn off.
The Protocol
 Protocol Details
• This message consists of thirteen negative pulses that
the BASIC Stamp can easily measure.
– 1: the start pulse, which lasts for 2.4 ms.
– 2-13: will either last for 1.2 ms (binary-1) or 0.6 ms
(binary-0).
– 2-8: indicates which key is pressed.
– 9-13: indicate if the message is being sent to a TV,
VCR, CD, DVD player, etc.
• Pulses are transmitted in least significant bit first
fashion.
– the first data pulse is bit-0.
– the next data pulse is bit-1
– Etc.
• If you press and hold a key on the remote, the same
message will be sent over and over again with a 20 to
30 ms rest between messages.
How the IR Detector Works
• The Boe-Bot IR receiver is the same detector found in many
TVs and VCRs.
• This detector sends a low signal whenever it detects IR
flashing on/off at 38.5 kHz and a high signal the rest of the
time.
• When the IR detector sends low signals, the processor inside a
TV or VCR measures how long each of the low signals lasts.
Then, it uses these measurements to figure out which key was
pressed on the remote.
• Like the processor inside a TV, the Basic Stamp can be
programmed to detect, measure, store, and interpret the
sequence of low pulses it receives from the IR detector.
 Reference (Cont’d)
1 - www.scansource.eu/es/education.htm?eid=8&elang=en
2 - http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/guides/2011/02/near-field-communications-a-technology-primer.ars
3 - http://www.nfc-forum.org/aboutnfc/nfc_and_contactless/
4 - http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/06/17/nokia_nfc_commitment/
5 - http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com/2011/03/02/36293/e-wallet-icon-sparks-more-apple-nfc-speculation/
6 - http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20022912-94.html
7-
http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com/2011/02/27/36204/transport-for-london-confirms-plans-to-accept-contactless-cards-in-time-f
or-olympics/
8 - http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-02/01/visa-iphone-nfc
9 - http://www.nfc-forum.org/aboutnfc/nfc_in_action/
10 - http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2010/04/apple-introduces-us-to-a-new-itunes-concert-ticket-system.html
11 - http://www.mobilemag.com/2010/08/20/visa-announces-mobile-payment-trials-in-nyc-this-year/
12 - http://www.laptopmag.com/review/cellphones/samsung-nexus-s.aspx?page=2
13 - http://www.hightechaid.com/standards/18000.htm
14 - http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/javame/nfc_bluetooth/
15 - http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/faqs/
16 -
http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com/2010/12/07/35385/google-unveils-first-android-nfc-phone-but-nexus-s-is-limited-to-tag-readi
ng-only-for-now/

17 - http://galaxys2.samsungmobile.com/html/feature.html
18 - http://events.iaik.tugraz.at/RFIDSec06/Program/papers/002%20-%20Security%20in%20NFC.pdf
19 - http://intrepidusgroup.com/insight/2010/12/nfc-rfid-enabled-smartphones-and-mobile-devices-are-coming/
20 - http://www.crypto.rub.de/imperia/md/content/seminare/itsss07/near_field_communication_in_cell_phones.pdf
21 - http://www.gamberjohnson.com/assets/images/concept-illustration.jpg