Energy in

Chemical
Reactions
Exothermic Reactions
• Releases more energy than it absorbs
• Products have lower energy than the reactants
• The excess energy – the difference in bond
energy between the reactants and the products –
is often given off as heat or light.

∆ 𝐻 = 𝐸 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − 𝐸 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

A fire releases energy as light.

Endothermic Reactions
• Absorbs more energy than it releases.
• Products have higher bond energy than the
reactants
• Energy must be absorbed to make up for this
energy difference.

∆ 𝐻 = 𝐸 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − 𝐸 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
Photosynthesis reaction
requires energy from sunlight.
Sources of Energy
Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are formed mainly from plants subjected to high temperature and
pressure for millions of years.
• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural gas

 Non-renewable energy - comes from sources that will run out or will not be
replenished for thousands or even million of years.
Renewable Energy – comes from resources that are naturally replenished.
 Biomass
 Solar
 Wind
 Geothermal
 Hydrothermal
Biomass

Biomass is any material derived from living things such as plant leaves and
animal manure. This resource can be used to produce biofuels like ethanol
and biodiesel, and biogas like biomethane. Ethanol and biodiesel can be
mixed with or replace gasoline and diesel, respectively. These bioproducts
reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreases the country’s dependence on
imported oil while supporting agricultural and rural economies.
Solar Energy

Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar
radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on the photovoltaic and heat
engines. A partial list of other solar applications include space heating, and
cooling through solar architecture, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking,
and high temperature processes heat for industrial purposes.
Wind Energy

Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind turbines range from
around of rated power, although turbines with rated output of have become the
most common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of
the cube of the wind speed, so as the wind speed increases, power output
increases dramatically.
•These windmills in Bangui, Ilocos Norte
supply the majority of the power
requirements of the region.
Geothermal Energy and Hydropower
Geothermal comes from the Greek word geo meaning “Earth” and therme
meaning “heat,” thus, geothermal energy is derived from the natural heat of Earth.
Geothermal energy is clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy
include shallow ground, hot water, hot rock, and molten rock called magma
beneath Earth’s surface.

Hydropower, as the term implies, utilizes water to power machinery or create

electricity.
Chemical Energy
Another source of energy are batteries, which store chemical energy that can be
converted to electrical energy once a device is attached to them. Inside a battery
is an electrolyte, which is a medium that allows the flow of electrical charge
from the battery to the device. Batteries may be disposable or rechargeable
depending on its chemical composition