WHAT IS POLYGRAPH?

The term polygraphy comes

from the Greek word "poly"
meaning many and "grapho"
meaning to write.
 The Polygraph Test is commonly
known as a “lie detector test.” It is a
procedure that detects several
physiological indicators, including pulse,
blood pressure, respiration, and skin
conductivity, which indicate if a person
is being untruthful when asked a series
of questions.
EXAMPLE
OPERATIONAL TERMS IN POLYGRAPY

●Examiner
●Baseline
●Relevant
●Chart/Chart Paper
●Countermeasures
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF DECEPTION
AND LYING
Deception and lying have been present throughout history as
individuals have sought to manipulate. Mislead, or protect
themselves. From ancient times to the present day. People have
used deception for various purposes, Including warfare, politics,
and personal gain. The moral and ethical implications of deception
have been discussed in religious and philosophical texts,
emphasizing the importance of honesty. Over time, methods for
detecting deception have evolved, but remain imperfect due to the
complexity of human behavior. Today, deception continues to be a
relevant and studied aspect of human interaction, impacting
various domains of society.
Scientific Methods of Detecting Deception

- it involve the application of empirical

research and objective measurements to identify
signs of deception. These methods aim to go
beyond subjective judgments and rely on
scientific principles to assess the credibility and
truthfulness of Individuals.
 SOME COMMONLY USED SCIENTIFIC
METHODS FOR DETECTING DECEPTION

Polygraph Testing

The polygraph, or lie detector test, measures

physiological responses such as heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, and skin conductivity. Changes in
these responses can indicate heightened stress or
arousal, which may suggest deception. However, the
accuracy and reliability of polygraph tests are a subject
of debate among experts.
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE

FMRI is a neuroimaging technique that

measures brain activity by detecting changes in
blood Flow. Researchers have explored using
FMRI to identify brain patterns associated with
deception. Certain areas of the brain may show
different levels of activation when a person is
lying compared to when they are telling the truth.
However, FMRI-based deception detection is still
in the experimental stage and has limitations.
Eye-Tracking
Eye-tracking technology can be used to
monitor eye movements and gaze patterns during
questioning. Studies have suggested that
individuals may exhibit different eye movements
when lying compared to when telling the truth.
For example, Increased eye blinking or avoiding
direct eye contact may be Indicative of deception.
However, eye-tracking alone is not considered a
foolproof method for detecting deception.
Voice Stress Analysis
Voice stress analysis involves analyzing
changes in vocal characteristics, such as pitch.
Frequency, and Intensity, to detect signs of
deception. The idea is that when individuals lie,
their vocal patterns may undergo subtle changes
due to increased stress or anxiety. However, the
reliability of voice stress analysis as a standalone
method for deception detection is contested.
Microexpressions and Facial Analysis
Micro expressions are brief facial expressions
that occur involuntarily and can reveal true emotions.
Observing micro expressions and analuzina. Facial
expressions through techniques like Facial Action
Coding System (FACS) can provide insights into
potential deception. However. training and expertise
are required to accurately interpret these subtle Facial
cues.
Contributors in the History of Polygraph

1. WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON

2. John Augustus Larson
3. Leonarde Keeler
4. Cleve Backster
5. Fred Inbau
William Moulton Marston
(1893-1947)

Marston, an American
psychologist, lawyer, and
inventor, is credited with
inventing the systolic blood
pressure test, which was an
early precursor to the modern
polygraph. His work in the
1910s laid the Foundation for
the physiological
measurement of deception.
John Augustus Larson

Larson, an American
police officer and
physiologist, is considered
the "Father of the modern
polygraph." In the 1920s. he
refined Marston's systolic
blood pressure test and
added additional
physiological measurements.
such as respiration and
galvanic skin response, to
create a more comprehensive
lie detection device.
Leonarde Keeler

Keeler, an American
inventor and polygraph
expert, worked alongside
Larson to Further develop the
polygraph. In the 1930s,
Keeler introduced the Keeler
Polygraph, which Featured
improvements such as a more
portable design and the
inclusior component in the
form sychological component
in the form of relevant and
Cleve Backster

Backster, an American
polygraph examiner and
researcher, conducted
experiments In the 1960s that
explored the concept of
"primary perception" or the
idea that plants and other
living organisms could detect
human emotions. His work
expanded the understanding
of physiological responses and
their potential applications in
lie detection.
Fred Inbau and John Reid

John Reid, and Fred E.

Inbau, These Individuals were
influential in the development
of interrogation techniques and
the integration of polygraph
testing into criminal
investigations. Their work in
the mid-20th century helped
establish the use of the
polygraph in law enforcement
settings.
PEOPLE BEHIND THE INTRODUCTION
OF POLYGRAPH MACHINE DURING THE
EARLY YEARS

● John Augustus Larson

● Leonarde Keeler
● James Mackenzie
● William Marston
James Mackenzie

a Scottish physician, made

Important contributions to the
development of the polygraph
machine. In the early 20th
century, he invented the "Ink
polygraph." which used ink-filled
pens to record physiological
responses. Although this early
version of the polygraph had
limitations, it laid the
groundwork For future
advancements in the technology.
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