Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry
Engr. John Mark A. Nanip

Outline
• Definition of Electrochemistry
• Relationship of chemical reactions and electricity
• Oxidation-reduction (RedOx) reaction
• RedOx in acidic solution
• RedOx in basic solution
What is
Electrochemistry?
Electrochemistry
It is the relationship between chemical reactions and electricity.
2 ways electricity and chemical reactions can interact:

a. Certain chemical reactions can b. Electricity can make certain chemical
create electricity. reactions happen that would not happen
otherwise.
ELECTRICITY deals with the Oxidation Reduction

movement of electrons. Reactions
e-
e- e- e- Electrons move
A B between atoms.
Electrochemistry

a. Certain chemical reactions can create electricity.
e-
wire
A B A e- B
b. Electricity can make certain chemical reactions happen that would not happen
otherwise.
e-
pull push
C would not
D C e- ELECTRLOYSIS e- D
naturally happen
Electrochemistry

Galvanic Cell or Voltaic Cell

It creates electricity using a
chemical reaction
Electrochemistry

e-
Zn has a weaker pull Cu2+ has a strong pull
Zn Cu2+
for electrons. for electrons.
Zn loses electrons. It is Cu2+ gains electrons. It is

Zn 2+
Cu
OXIDIZED. REDUCED.
OXIDATION: Loss of electrons

REDUCTION: Gain of electrons
Standard
Reduction
Potentials
Electrochemistry
b. Electricity can make certain chemical reactions happen that would not
happen otherwise.
Electrolytic Cell
A device used for performing
electrolysis.
Example:
H2O H2 + O2
Electrochemistry
b. Electricity can make certain chemical reactions happen that would not
happen otherwise.
Oxygen loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED. This is what happened with the reaction:
electrons
+1 -2 0 0 OXYGEN HYDROGEN
H2O H2 + O2 But ideally,
Oxygen has a stronger pull on Hydrogen has a weaker pull on
electrons. electrons.
Hydrogen gains electrons. It is REDUCED.
A battery can pull the electrons from oxygen and push
This reaction cannot happen on its own. them to hydrogen.
Oxidation-Reduction (RedOx) Reaction
It involves the transfer of electrons between two species.
Always remember:
OXIDATION: Loss of electrons
REDUCTION: Gain of electrons
OIL RIG LEO the lion says GER.

Oxidation Is Loss of electrons. Loss of Electrons is Oxidation.
Reduction Is Gain of electrons. Gain of Electrons is Reduction.
Also, remember that ANODE is the site of oxidation and CATHODE is the site of reduction.
AN OX RED CAT
Anode is for Oxidation. Reduction happens in Cathode.
Oxidizing and Reducing Agent
for it to happen
OXIDATION: Loss of electrons something must take electrons
REDUCTION: Gain of electrons something must lose electrons
for it to happen
Calcium loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED. Nitrogen gains electrons. It is REDUCED.
0 0 +2 -1 +1 +5 -2 +1 -2 0 +2 -2 +1 -2
Ca + Cl2 CaCl2 HNO3 + H2S S + NO + H2O
Chlorine gains electrons. It is REDUCED. Sulfur loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED.
Calcium is the REDUCING AGENT. H2S is the REDUCING AGENT.

Chlorine is the OXIDIZING AGENT. HNO3 is the OXIDIZING AGENT.
Determining Oxidation Number
Oxidation number is the number assigned to an element in a chemical

combination which represents the number of electrons lost (or gained, if the
number is negative), by an atom of that element in the compound.
0 0 +2 -1 Oxidation numbers
Ca + Cl2 CaCl2
+1 +5 -2 +1 -2 0 +2 -2 +1 -2 Oxidation numbers
HNO3 + H2S S + NO + H2O

Rules for
determining
oxidation
number
Example:
0
Cr • Element is by itself.
+1 -1
• K is in Group 1A.
KCl • Cl is a halogen.
+2 -2
• Mg is in Group 2A. Elements in
MgO • O is not with peroxide. Group 1A,
Group 2A and
Group 7A
+2 • Ba is a monatomic ion. (halogens)
Ba2+
Example:
+1 +5 -6 = 0 • H is with nonmetals.
x3 • O3 is not with peroxide.
• There is no rule for N.
+1 +5 -2
• Compound is neutral.
HNO3
+4 -6 = -2 Elements in
• O3 is not with peroxide. Group 1A,
x3
• There is no rule for C. Group 2A and
+4 -2 • Compound is a polyatomic ion. Group 7A
CO3 2- (halogens)
Balancing RedOx Reaction (Acidic Solution)
1. Determine the oxidation numbers.
2. Figure out what is being oxidized and reduced.
3. Write half reactions.
4. Balance atoms other than O and H.
5. Add H2O to balance O and add H+ to balance H.
6. Add electrons to balance charges.
7. Multiply half reactions to make the number of electrons equal in both sides.
8. Add the half reactions and cancel out specimen that appears on both sides.
9. Do a final check to see if everything is balanced.
STEP 1: Determine the oxidation numbers.
+5 -6 = -1 +2 -2 = 0
x3
0 +5 -2 +1 +2 -2
Ag + NO3 - Ag+ + NO
Nitrogen gains electrons. It is REDUCED.
0 +5 -2 +1 +2 -2
STEP 2: Figure out what is being oxidized and Ag + NO3 - Ag+ + NO
reduced.
Silver loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED.
STEP 3: Write half reactions.
0 +5 -2 +1 +2 -2
Ag + NO3 - Ag+ + NO
Silver loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED.
Half Reaction for OXIDATION: Half Reaction for REDUCTION:
Ag Ag+ NO3 - NO
STEP 4: Balance atoms other than O and H.
STEP 5: Add H2O to balance O and add H+ to balance H.
Ag Ag + NO3 - NO
Atoms are already balanced for 4 H+ + NO3 - NO + 2 H2O
oxidation half reaction.
1–N–1
3–O–1 +2=3
4 =4 + 0 – H – 4
Atoms are balanced for reduction half reaction.
STEP 6: Add electrons to balance charges.
Ag Ag + e
+ - 3e- + 4H+ + NO3 - NO + 2H2O
0 +1 -1 = 0 +4 -1 = +3 0
= +3 -3
=0
Charges are balanced for both oxidation and reduction half reactions.
STEP 7: Multiply half reactions to make the number of electrons equal in both
sides.
3 ( Ag Ag+ + e- ) 3e- + 4H+ + NO3 - NO + 2H2O

3Ag 3Ag+ + 3e-
The number of electrons on both half reactions are now the same.
STEP 8: Add the half reactions and cancel out specimen that appears on both sides.
3Ag 3Ag+ + 3e- 3e- + 4H+ + NO3 - NO + 2H2O

NOTE: In adding half reactions, add all the specimens in the LHS and all those in the RHS.
3Ag + 3e- + 4H+ + NO3 - 3Ag+ + 3e- + NO + 2H2O

After cancelling out same specimens on both side, final RedOx reaction is acquired.
3Ag + 4H+ + NO3 - 3Ag+ + NO + 2H2O

STEP 9: Do a final check to see if everything is balanced.
3Ag + 4H+ + NO3 - 3Ag+ + NO + 2H2O

3 – Ag – 3
4–H–4
1–N–1
3–O–3
+4 -1 = +3 +3
The number of atoms and charges are both balance.

Balancing RedOx Reaction (Basic Solution)
STEP 1: Determine the oxidation numbers.
+5 -6 = -1 +4 -4 = 0
x3
0 +5 -2 +2 +4 -2
Zn + NO3 - Zn 2+ + NO2
Zinc loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED.
0 +5 -2 +2 +4 -2
STEP 2: Figure out what is being oxidized and Zn + NO3 - Zn 2+ + NO2
reduced.
STEP 3: Write half reactions.
Zinc loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED.
0 +5 -2 +2 +4 -2
Zn + NO3 - Zn 2+ + NO2
Zn Zn 2+ NO3 - NO2
STEP 4: Balance atoms other than O and H.
STEP 5: Add H2O to balance O and add H+ to balance H.
Zn Zn 2+ NO3 - NO2
Zn Zn 2+ 2 H+ + NO3 - NO2 + H2O
Atoms are already balanced for 1–N–1
oxidation half reaction.
3–O–2 +1=3
2 =2 + 0 – H – 2
Atoms are balanced for reduction half reaction.
STEP 6: Add electrons to balance charges.
Zn Zn 2+ + 2e- e- + 2 H+ + NO3 - NO2 + H2O
0 +2 -2 = 0 +2 -1 = +1 0
= +1 -1
=0
Charges are balanced for both oxidation and reduction half reactions.
STEP 7: Multiply half reactions to make the number of electrons
equal in both sides.
Zn Zn 2+ + 2e- 2( e- + 2 H+ + NO3 - NO2 + H2O )

2e- + 4 H+ + 2NO3 - 2NO2 + 2H2O
The number of electrons on both half reactions are now the same.
STEP 8: Add the half reactions and cancel out specimen that appears on both
sides.
Zn Zn 2+ + 2e- 2e- + 4 H+ + 2NO3 - 2NO2 + 2H2O

NOTE: In adding half reactions, add all the specimens in the LHS and all those in the RHS.
Zn + 2e- + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2++ 2e- + 2NO2 + 2H2O

After cancelling out same specimens on both side, final RedOx reaction is acquired.
Zn + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O

STEP 9: For each H+, add OH- one to both sides.
Zn + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O

4OH- + Zn + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O + 4OH-
STEP 10: Get rid of the H+. Combine H+ and OH- to make H2O.
4OH- + Zn + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O + 4OH-

Zn + 4H2O + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O + 4OH-
STEP 11: Subtract H2O from each side, if possible.
Zn + 4H2O + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O + 4OH-

2H2O 2H2O
Zn + 2H2O + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 4OH-

STEP 12: Do a final check to see if everything is balanced.
Zn + 2H2O + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 4OH-

1 – Zn – 1
4–H–4
8–O–8
2–N–2
-2 +2 -4 = -2
The number of atoms and charges are both balance.

Thank you!

Electrochemistry

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Electrochemistry

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Electrochemistry

Engr. John Mark A. Nanip

2 ways electricity and chemical reactions can interact:

ELECTRICITY deals with the Oxidation Reduction

2 ways electricity and chemical reactions can interact:

2 ways electricity and chemical reactions can interact:

Galvanic Cell or Voltaic Cell

2 ways electricity and chemical reactions can interact:

Zn loses electrons. It is Cu2+ gains electrons. It is

OXIDATION: Loss of electrons

2 ways electricity and chemical reactions can interact:

2 ways electricity and chemical reactions can interact:

OIL RIG LEO the lion says GER.

Calcium loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED. Nitrogen gains electrons. It is REDUCED.

Ca + Cl2 CaCl2 HNO3 + H2S S + NO + H2O

Chlorine gains electrons. It is REDUCED. Sulfur loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED.

Calcium is the REDUCING AGENT. H2S is the REDUCING AGENT.

Oxidation number is the number assigned to an element in a chemical

HNO3 + H2S S + NO + H2O

Silver loses electrons. It is OXIDIZED.

Half Reaction for OXIDATION: Half Reaction for REDUCTION:

Half Reaction for OXIDATION: Half Reaction for REDUCTION:

3 ( Ag Ag+ + e- ) 3e- + 4H+ + NO3 - NO + 2H2O

Half Reaction for OXIDATION: Half Reaction for REDUCTION:

3Ag 3Ag+ + 3e- 3e- + 4H+ + NO3 - NO + 2H2O

3Ag + 3e- + 4H+ + NO3 - 3Ag+ + 3e- + NO + 2H2O

3Ag + 4H+ + NO3 - 3Ag+ + NO + 2H2O

3Ag + 4H+ + NO3 - 3Ag+ + NO + 2H2O

The number of atoms and charges are both balance.

Nitrogen gains electrons. It is REDUCED.

Half Reaction for OXIDATION: Half Reaction for REDUCTION:

Half Reaction for OXIDATION: Half Reaction for REDUCTION:

Zn Zn 2+ + 2e- e- + 2 H+ + NO3 - NO2 + H2O

Half Reaction for OXIDATION: Half Reaction for REDUCTION:

Zn Zn 2+ + 2e- 2( e- + 2 H+ + NO3 - NO2 + H2O )

Zn Zn 2+ + 2e- 2e- + 4 H+ + 2NO3 - 2NO2 + 2H2O

Zn + 2e- + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2++ 2e- + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Zn + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Zn + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O

4OH- + Zn + 4H+ + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O + 4OH-

Zn + 4H2O + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O + 4OH-

Zn + 2H2O + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 4OH-

Zn + 2H2O + 2NO3 – Zn 2+ + 2NO2 + 4OH-

The number of atoms and charges are both balance.

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