Learning

Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of experience.

Learning
Learning
••Involves
Involveschange
change
••IsIsrelatively
relativelypermanent
permanent
••IsIsacquired
acquiredthrough
throughexperience
experience
 Theories of Learning
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual
responds to some stimulus that would not
ordinarily produce such a response.

Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Unconditioned
Unconditionedstimulus
stimulus
••Unconditioned
Unconditionedresponse
response
••Conditioned
Conditionedstimulus
stimulus
••Conditioned
Conditionedresponse
response
 Classical Conditioning
• It grew out in response to teach dog to salivate in
response to ringing of a bell in early 1900s by Ivan
Pavlov.
• In Pavlov experiment meat was unconditional
stimulus and salivation was unconditional response.
• Learning a conditioned response involves building
an association between a conditioned stimuli and
an unconditioned stimuli.
• Thus classical conditioning is passive.
Classical
Classical Conditioning
Conditioning

Chapter 2 4
Chapter 2 5
 Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
It assumes behavior is function of consequences.

Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Reflexive
Reflexive(unlearned)
(unlearned)behavior
behavior
••Conditioned
Conditioned(learned)
(learned)behavior
behavior
••Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Operant
Operant Conditioning
Conditioning

Chapter 2 7
Chapter 2 8
 Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct
experience.

Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Attentional
Attentionalprocesses
processes
••Retention
Retentionprocesses
processes
••Motor
Motorreproduction
reproductionprocesses
processes
••Reinforcement
Reinforcementprocesses
processes
 Social-Learning Theory
• Attention processes – people lean from a model only
when they recognize and pay attention to its critical
features. We tend to be most influenced by models that
are attractive,& repeatedly available.
• Retention processes – an actions influence depend on
how well the individual remembers it after it is no longer
available.
• Motor Reproduction Process – after a person has seen a
new behavior by observing the model , the watching
must be converted to doing. That means individual is
capable of reproducing it.
 Social-Learning Theory
• Reinforcement process
individual are motivated to exhibit the modeled
behavior if positive reinforcement { incentive or
reward} are given.
Behavior that are positively reinforced
are learned better and are performed more often.
Although Social Learning Theory is extension of
Operant Conditioning, it also acknowledges the
existence of Observational learning & importance of
perception in learning.
Social
Social Learning
Learning Theory
Theory
Learn by observing others and through direct experiences

Models have influence when the following processes occur:

Attentional Reconize

Retention Remember

Motor Reproduction Do

Reinforcement Get rewarded

Chapter 2 12
 Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Shaping Behavior
Systematically reinforcing each successive step that
moves an individual closer to the desired response.

Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Reinforcement
Reinforcementisisrequired
requiredto
tochange
changebehavior.
behavior.
••Some
Somerewards
rewardsarearemore
moreeffective
effectivethan
thanothers.
others.
••The
Thetiming
timingofofreinforcement
reinforcementaffects
affectslearning
learningspeed
speedand
and
permanence.
permanence.
 Positive Negative
Reinforcement Reinforcement

Methods of
Shaping Behavior

Punishment Extinction

Chapter 2 14
 Types of Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement
– Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
• Negative reinforcement
– Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired
behavior occurs.
• Punishment
– Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an
undesirable behavior.
• Extinction
– Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its
cessation.
 Types of Reinforcement

Continuous Intermittent
Reinforces desired Reinforces desired
behavior every time behavior often
enough to make
behavior worth
repeating

Chapter 2 16
 Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is
demonstrated.

Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to
make the behavior worth repeating but not every
time it is demonstrated.
 Schedules of Reinforcement
Interval Ratio
Fixed

Fixed- Fixed-
Interval Ratio

Variable-
Variable

Variable-
Interval Ratio

Chapter 2 18
Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals.

Variable-Interval Schedule
Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant
number of responses.
Learning curve
 Learning Curve
• Initial spurt
• Learning plateau
• Organization and Disorganization of learning
• Fall due to Fatigue
• End spurt
 Learning styles
• Accomodator- doing and feeling
• Diverger- observing and feeling
• Converger- doing and thinking
• Assimilator – observing and thinking
 Behavior Modification
OB Mod
The application of reinforcement concepts
to individuals in the work setting.

Five
FiveStep
StepProblem-Solving
Problem-SolvingModel
Model
1.1. Identify
Identifycritical
criticalbehaviors
behaviors
2.2. Develop
Developbaseline
baselinedata
data
3.3. Identify
Identifybehavioral
behavioralconsequences
consequences
4.4. Develop
Developand
andapply
applyintervention
intervention
5.5. Evaluate
Evaluateperformance
performanceimprovement
improvement
Organizational Applications
• Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
• Well pay versus sick pay
• Training programs
• Mentoring programs

Chapter 2 24
OB MOD Organizational Applications
• Well Pay versus Sick Pay
– Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not
absence.
• Employee Discipline
– The use of punishment can be counter-productive.
• Developing Training Programs
– OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.
• Self-management
– Reduces the need for external management control.