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CONSTRUCTION
PLANNING, EQUIPMENT,
AND METHODS
ENGR. MUHAMMAD BAQIR
M.E Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Larkano | GCT Larkano
 TRACTORS 2

• Tractors: Tractors are versatile

machines used for tasks like
grading, hauling, and site
preparation. They offer
flexibility and can be equipped
with various attachments.
Tractors are cost-effective for
light to medium-duty tasks but
may lack the power for heavy-
duty applications.
 BULLDOZERS 3

Bulldozers:
• Bulldozers are earth-moving machine, which runs
on metallic tires or chain. A bulldozer has a
substantial steel plate, which pushes and moves
the material. This is an advanced form of a tractor.
The front steel plate (commonly known as a
blade) pushes the bulk and move earthen material.
It can push large bulks of soil, sand, snow, and
rubble.
 DRAGLINE EXCAVATORS 4

Dragline Excavators:
• A dragline excavator is a masterpiece of heavy
equipment used in civil and mining engineering. A
dragline excavator has a long lifting crane with a
dragline bucket and a winch. The winch controls
the dragline bucket with several drag-ropes and
hoist cables. It is used to work at a site from a
distant place.
 GRADERS 5

Graders:
• The grader has a rubber tire and a central grading
blade. The purpose of the grader is to grade the
uneven surface to plane it. The grading blade has
been installed in the center and middle of the front
and rear tires. This mechanism levels the surface
without using any manual skill.
 WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPER 6

Wheel Tractor Scraper:

• It is also known as belly scraper. It is used to
move earthen material like soil and rock debris.
The rear bed of a wheel tractor scraper has a
vertically moveable hopper with a sharp edge. The
moveable hopper grinds the earth material, and
the cut material is picked and dumped in the belly
or chamber. Each time when the belly of the
wheel scraper is filled, It is unloaded at one side
of the road, and again the process of cutting and
smoothing the surface is started.
 LOADER 7

Loader:
• A loader is a heavy machine used in the
construction of roads, dams, and buildings. The
function of the loader is to shift/ transfer the soil,
debris, stone gravel, murrum from one place to
another. It also loads the dumper. It also dumps
the excavated material.
 CRAWLER LOADER 8

Crawler Loader:
• The purpose of a crawler loader is the same as
that of a common loader or a skid loader. The
difference is, it has metallic tires or chain of steel,
instead of pneumatic tires. The chain and metallic
tires give extra surface grip and friction.
 WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS 9

Wheeled Loading Shovels:

• Like other loading machines, the purpose of the
wheeled loading shovels is to load the dumpers or
low lying surfaces of the land. It has pneumatic
rubber wheels/ tires.
 SCRAPERS 10

Scrapers:
• Like a tractor wheel scraper, the function of a
common scraper is to cut the uneven surface of
the earth and level it. The scraps of the cut soil is
dumped aside by means of a plane belt.
 EXCAVATOR 11

Excavator:
• The excavator is used to dig and excavate the soil
and rocks. A common excavator has a dipper,
bucket, boom, and a cab. The operator sits in the
cab, and digs out the soil with the help dipper and
fills its bucket, and shift material poured into the
bucket with the help of boom (the moving arm).
With the help of a boom, it empties its bucket into
the dumper.
 TRENCER 12

Trencher:
• A trencher is a piece of construction machine,
which is used to dig the trenches. Its mechanism
resembles that of a chain saw. It consists of
several types of teeth, a running belt, and a soil
dragger. The dragger may be of chain form and
screw dragger. The function of the dragger is to
remove the excavated soil from the trench and to
throw it at the sides of the trench.
 SKID LOADER 13

Skid Loader (Skid Steel Loader/

Skidsteer):
• It is small in size but has a very rigid
frame a powerful engine. It is used to
load stones and soil and saves labor work
and cost.
 DUMPER 14

Dumper:
• A dumper is a transporting machine, which is
loaded by other loading machines like loaders,
skid loaders, and excavators. It transports the soil
and rocks and dumps them at a required site.
Dumber has a hydraulic pump system, which
helps unload the dumper.
 BACKHOE 15

Backhoe:
• It is a very advance and important equipment used
in construction works. It is also called a “rear
actor” or “back actor”. It is a type of excavating
and digging equipment. It has a digging bucket on
the backside. It has a front loader and a backhoe
bucket in the backside. The backhoe bucket is
supported with two stabilizer legs. The stabilizer
legs help the tractor stand stabilized while digging
or loading the soil.
 WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPER 16

Wheel Tractor Scraper:

• It is also known as belly scraper. It is used
to move earthen material like soil and rock
debris. Its rear bed has a vertically
moveable hopper with a sharp edge. The
moveable hopper grinds the earth
material, and the cut material is picked
and dumped in the belly or chamber. Each
time when the belly of the wheel scraper
is filled, It is unloaded at one side of the
road, and again the process of cutting and
smoothing the surface is started.
 DRAGLINE EXCAVATORS 17

Dragline Excavators:
• A dragline excavator is a masterpiece of heavy
equipment used in civil and mining engineering. A
dragline excavator has a long lifting crane with a
dragline bucket and a winch. The winch controls
the dragline bucket with several drag-ropes and
hoist cables. It is used to work at a site from a
distant place.
 DOZERS 18

• Dozers: Dozers are essential for pushing,

leveling, and clearing land. They are highly
productive in earthmoving operations,
offering high traction and pushing power.
Dozers are economical for tasks requiring
extensive earthmoving but may not provide
precision grading.
 SCRAPERS 19

• Scrapers: Scrapers excel in mass earthmoving tasks, efficiently moving large volumes of material. They
offer high productivity for moving material over short distances and are economical for projects requiring
extensive excavation and hauling.
 MOTOR GRADERS 20

• Motor Graders: Motor graders are crucial for fine

grading and leveling surfaces. They offer precise
control and are economical for road construction
and grading projects where precise surface finishes
are required.
 POWER SHOVELS 21

• Power Shovels: Power shovels are highly

productive in excavation and material loading tasks.
They offer high digging forces and are cost-effective
for deep excavations and material handling in
mining and large-scale earthmoving projects.
 OFF-ROAD HAULERS 22

• Off-Road Haulers: Off-road haulers

are efficient for transporting materials
within construction sites. They offer
high payload capacities and are
economical for large-scale material
hauling over rough terrain.
 FRONT-END LOADERS 23

• Front-End Loaders: Front-end loaders are versatile

machines used for loading, stockpiling, and material
handling. They offer high productivity and are cost-
effective for tasks like loading trucks, moving
materials, and clearing debris.
 BACKHOES 24

• Backhoes: Backhoes are efficient for

excavating, trenching, and material handling
tasks. They offer versatility and are
economical for utility installations,
landscaping, and general construction work.
 DRAGLINES 25

• Draglines: Draglines are specialized for deep

excavation and mining operations. They
offer high productivity for large-scale
earthmoving but require significant initial
investment and operational costs.
 TRENCHERS 26

• Trenchers: Trenchers are efficient for

digging trenches for pipelines, cables, and
drainage systems. They offer high
productivity and are economical for
projects requiring extensive trenching.
 ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENT 27

• Rock Drilling Equipment: Rock drilling

equipment is essential for drilling through hard
materials like rock and concrete. They offer high
productivity but require skilled operators and incur
operational costs for maintenance and consumables.
 CRUSHERS AND CONVEYORS 28

• Crushers and Conveyors: Crushers and conveyors

are crucial for processing and transporting
construction materials. They offer high throughput
and are economical for aggregate production,
recycling, and material handling operations.
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