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Universe Network NE Course Part-1
Universe Network NE Course Part-1
Universe Network NE Course Part-1
Session 1
Target Audience
Network administrator.
File Transfer.
Video Conferencing.
Remote Access.
Server
Printer
Network Printer.
Network Server.
Smallest and Largest Computer Network
The Smallest Computer Network is made up The Largest Computer Network is the internet.
by two computers or a computer and a mobile.
PC1 PC2
Internet
PC3 PC4
Wired network
PC1 PC2
Copper cable
Server
Printer
Wireless network uses radio signal frequency to transfer data between connected devices
Internet
Server
PC3
Network Topologies
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Advantages PC2
Disadvantages
PC1
Advantages
Disadvantages
MA
U
• All data being transferred over the network must
pass through each workstation on the network.
• The entire network will be impacted if one
workstation shuts down.
Star Topology
All nodes are individually connected to a central device, like a Hub or a Switch.
Internet
Advantages
Switch/Router
• Centralized management of the network,
through the use of the central hub or switch.
• Easy to add another computer to the network.
• If one computer on the network fails, the rest of the PC1 PC2
network continues to function normally.
Disadvantages
Server
Printer
• The central network device determines the performance
and number of nodes the network can handle.
• Every node has a direct connection to every • Some nodes doesn’t have a direct connection
other node in a network. to every other node in a network.
Physical Topology
Router
PC2
PC1
Logical Topology
05 Internet
Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such
as home, school, and office.
• Sharing files and folders. • Copper cables (UTP and STP cable).
• Connecting to servers.
• Computers, Printers ,Servers, Switches, Routers, • Owned, controlled, and managed by a single
Access pointes and Firewalls. person or organization.
• Ethernet and Wireless LAN (WLAN). • High bandwidth is available for transmission.
Local Area Network
(LAN)
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Campus Area Network
(CAN)
A Campus Area Network is a network of multiple interconnected local area networks (LAN) within a
limited area such as an university, an enterprise and a corporate buildings.
• Copper cables (UTP and STP cable). • Owned, controlled, and managed by
an organization.
• Fiber-Optic cable (MMF cable).
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Campus Area Network
(CAN)
Building3
Main Building
Building2
Campus Network
Building1
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Bank
Mall
Mall
Tower
Hotel
Bank
Bank
Hotel
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Wide Area Network
( WAN )
A Wide Area Network ( WAN ) is a form of telecommunication networks that exists over a large-scale
geographical area such as a network of bank cash dispensers and network of a company with several
branch offices geographically distant.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
City-A
MAN
City-B City-C
WAN
MAN
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Internet
Internet is the network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government
networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.
Wireless
Telecom
DSL Router Tower
4G
Cable Modem
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Module 1
Session 2
Network Devices
Network Devices are electronic devices which are required for communication and interaction between
devices on a computer network.
Computer Server
Repeater
Server
Internet
Repeater
Ethernet Hub
Ethernet Switch
Router
Router
Firewall
Access Point
Access Point
Firewall
Data-Transfer Rate (DTR)
Data-transfer rate is the average number of bits per second passing through a communication link between
two network devices.
0
1
10 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1
Bit Rates
Server
Repeater
Internet
1 Gbps
10 Mbps
Hub Switch
Modem
10 Mbps
20 Mbps
150 Mbps 100 Mbps
100 Mbps Router
Access Point
Computer (Client)
A computer is a system that runs a user-friendly operating system and desktop applications to perform a task.
Windows 10
macOS
Linux
Desktop Applications
MS Office
Photoshop
VLC
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Server
A Server is dedicated computer for a specific purpose, It provide services and functionality to other computers.
A server has a motherboard that supports many processors and uses special RAMs called ECC rams
(Error correcting ram) for error checking and correction.
A Server has redundant power supply contains two (or more) power supply units inside it.
2 Powerful
Tower
Operating Systems (OS) Server Processors
Services
Hot Swappable
Web service Hard Drive
Rack Server
File Service
Mail Service
Database
Service
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Ethernet Hub
A Hub is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act
as a single network segment.
If a hub receives a signal at any port it resend it out of every port except that port.
A Hub works at the physical layer (layer 1). A Hub transfers data at a maximum of 10 Mb/sec.
A Hub has been replaced by network switches . A Hub has multiple ports.
Hub
Sender Receiver
PC1 PC3
PC2
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Ethernet Bridge
A network bridge is a device that creates a single aggregate network from two network segments.
A bridge works at the physical layer (layer 1) and the data link layer (layer 2 ).
Segment A Segment B
Hub Bridge Hub
Sender Receive
r
PC1
PC3
PC2 PC4
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Ethernet Bridge
Segment A Segment B
PC1
PC3
Receiver
PC2 PC4
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Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch is a network hardware device for connecting multiple devices together.
A switch works at the physical layer (layer 1) and the data link layer (layer 2 ).
PC3
PC4
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Router
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between different networks.
A router works at the physical layer (Layer 1), the data link layer (Layer 2 ) and the network layer (Layer 3).
Network A Network B
Receiver
Sender
Switch
Router Switch
33
Repeater (deprecated )
Repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, so
that the signal can cover longer distances
Switch
Ethernet Repeater
100 meters
100 meters
Wireless Repeater
Access Point
34
Modem
Modem is short for “Modulator-Demodulator “ It converts or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone
or cable wire to digital data (1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize.
Modem Modem
A access point (AP) is a networking hardware device that allows wireless devices to connect together and
communicate with a wired computer network .
Access
Point Switch
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Firewall
A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on predetermined security rules.
Sender
A firewall filters data at :
Switch
1. Application layer .
2. Transport Layer. Firewall
3. Network Layer.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Network Interface Card (NIC) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a
computer network.
Also known as :
2. Network Adapter.
3. LAN Adapter .
1. Built-in to Motherboard.
2. PCI Adapter.
3. USB Adapter.
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Fiber Network Interface Card
Fiber Network Interface Card is connected to a fiber optic cable and used to connect servers with switches.
Also known as :
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Wireless Network Interface Controller (WNIC)
A wireless network interface controller (WNIC) is a network interface controller which connects to a
wireless radio-based computer network,
PCI WNIC
Internal WNIC
USB WNIC
Access Point
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Data Transmission Media / Medium
A transmission medium is the channel through which data is sent from one place to another.
Guided Unguided
Media Media
41
Bandwidth, Throughput and Speed
Simplex Mode
Simplex mode : the communication is unidirectional,
as on a one-way street. Only one of the two devices
on the media can transmit, the other can only
receive..
Full-Duplex Mode
Full-duplex mode : both stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously by using two physically
separate transmission paths or by dividing the
capacity between signals travelling in both directions.
MAC ADDRESS
Example: 00 03 47 6F 5A 38
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transportation protocol that
is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Both TCP and UDP work at transport layer
TCP/IP model.
Difference between TCP and UDP Internet Protocols.
TCP UDP
Connection-Oriented Connectionless
Reliable Unreliable
6. Presentation
OSI model created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Protocols
5. Session
OSI model was published in 1984. Protocols
4. Transport
OSI model partitions a communication system into 7 abstraction layers. Protocols
3. Network
Protocols
A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it.
2. Data Link
Protocols
Each layer has a set of protocols.
1. Physical
Protocols
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Network Protocol
A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is List of Network Protocols :
transmitted between different devices in the same network. It allows connected
devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differences in their
• Communication
internal processes, structure or design.
• Network management
A protocol suite is a collection of protocols that are designed to work together.
• Security
Luccy
Alix Hi.. Hi..
Alix
Hello.. Hello..
Luccy
01010
Send 1 010101 Send
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TCP/IP Model
1. Network Interface
TCP/IP Model known as Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
Protocols
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Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI Layering
OSI Model
7. Application
Original TCP/IP Model Updated TCP/IP Model
Protocols
5. Session
Protocols
Protocols
1. Physical 1. Physical
Protocols Protocols
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Layer 7 (Application Layer)
The Application Layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed by applications.
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Layer 6 (Presentation Layer)
The Presentation layer is responsible for the formatting and delivery of information to the application layer
for further processing or display.
ABCD
Character Encoding
Chrome FileZilla Telne Outlook Internet µTorren
ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16 01100 t t
11010
Data Compression
Encryption/Decryption
SSL 01100
11010
Protocols
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Layer 5 (Session Layer)
The Session Layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session between end-user
application processes.
Services :
Authentication Authorization
user
read
Protocols
********
write Data Flows
Protocols : Data
Data Flows
Protocols :
Segment
• Connection-oriented network (TCP) .
• Errer Recovery .
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Layer 3 (Network
Layer)
The Network layer is responsible for packet forwarding between different networks through intermediate
routers.
Services : Protocols :
• Host addressing. Network B • IPv4/IPv6.
• Packet forwarding. SwitchB • ICMP
• IPsec
PC2
Network A Network C
SwitchA SwitchC
Packet
PC1
PC3
Protocols: IPv4, IPv6
3. Network Layer
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Layer 2 (Data Link
Layer)
The Data Link Layer transfers data between adjacent network nodes in WAN, MAN and LAN.
Services :
Protocols :
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Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) - Sublayers
The Data Link Layer is an interface between the network and physical layer. It is further subdivided into two
protocol sublayers medium access control (MAC) and logical link control (LLC).
Frames
(LLC) sublayer
2. Data Link Layer Protocols
Protocols
(MAC) sublayer
Protocols
The medium access control (MAC) sublayer. The logical link control (LLC) sublayer.
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Layer 1 (Physical Layer)
The Physical Layer converts data link layer frames into bits and puts them on the network medium.
Frame Frame
0011001101 0011001101
• Wi-Fi signals.
bits Protocols : Media, Signal, Binary Transmission.
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Data Encapsulation (OSI model)
Data Encapsulation is the process of putting headers or trailers to the data supplied by the higher layer.
The header and data at each layer are called Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
1. Physical 010110101000101110100101101110001010101100010101101100100
Protocols
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Data De-encapsulation (OSI model)
Data De-encapsulation is the process of removing the header and the trailer from the PDU before
passing it up to the higher layer.
1. Physical 010110101000101110100101101110001010101100010101101100100
Protocols
Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)
PC1 PC2
2. Data Link Header Packe Traile Header Packe Traile 2. Data Link
Protocols t r t r Protocols
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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)
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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)
PC1 Switch
5. Application Data
Protocols
2. Data Link Header Packe Traile Header Packe Traile 2. Data Link
Protocols t r t r Protocols
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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)
Switch Router
2. Data Link Header Packe Traile Header Packe Traile 2. Data Link
Protocols t r t r Protocols
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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)
Switch
Router
2. Data Link Header Packe Traile Header Packe Traile 2. Data Link
Protocols t r t r Protocols
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Data Encapsulation and De-encapsulation (TCP/IP model)
Switch PC2
Data 5. Application
Protocols
2. Data Link Header Packe Traile Header Packe Traile 2. Data Link
Protocols t r t r Protocols
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Introduction to Ethernet
CAT 3 UTP
CAT 5 UTP
Physical transmission media used in Ethernet includes twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic
cable.
A coaxial cable is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a metallic
shield, with the two separated by a dielectric (insulating material).
Metallic Shield
Plastic Jacket
Dielectric
F-connector
Center Core
A stranded cable has multiple wires wrapped A solid cable has one solid wire per conductor.
around each other in each conductor
T568A Router
Ethernet Switch
12345678 12345678
8P8C 8P8C
Laptop Computer
T568B
Crossover Cable (100BASE-TX)
Router Router
8P8C 8P8C
TDR/OTDR
Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer.
Estimate fiber lengths,
measure signal loss,
determine light reflection.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
A Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network has decentralized resources and doesn’t have a dedicated server. every
computer can serve as both a server and a client. One computer might assume the role of server for one
transaction while acting as a client for another transaction.
Switch/Router
Internet
PC1
PC1 PC2
PC
3 PC
4
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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
BitTorrent Applications
Uploader
PC4
85
Client/Server Network
In Client/Server Network servers provide network services to the other computers (Clients).
Switch/Router
File Sharing Server
Mail Server
Web Server
FTP Server
Print Server
PC2
DNS Server
Database Server
86
Operating System
Hardware System
Operating System Cont..
Operating System
(OS)
Operating System Cont..