Part 2

The Design of
Research

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

 Chapter 6

Business Research
Methods
Donald Cooper
Pamela Schindler

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

 What is Research Design?

• Blueprint
• Plan
• Guide
• Framework
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001
 What
Click is Research
to edit Design?
Master title style
Slide 6 - 1

 A plan for selecting the sources and types

of information used to answer research
questions
 A framework for specifying the
relationships among the study variables
 A blueprint that outlines each procedure
from the hypothesis to the analysis

Irwin/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

 Design in the Research Process

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

What tools are used in designing research?

The degree to which the research • Exploratory study

question has been crystallized • Formal study

• Monitoring
The method of data collection • Communication study

The power of the researcher to • Experimental

produce effects in the variables • Ex post facto
under study
• Reporting
The purpose of the study • Descriptive
• Casual - Explanatory. Predictive
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001
 What tools are used in designing research?

• Cross-sectional
The topical scope — breadth and
• Longitudinal
depth — of the study

The research environment • Case

• Statistical study
• Field setting
The time dimension
• Laboratory research
• Simulation

The participants' perceptions of

• Actual routine
research activity
• Modified routine
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001
 Classifications
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Designs
style
Slide 6 - 2

Exploratory study is usually to develop

hypotheses or questions for further
research

Formal study is to test the hypotheses or

answer the research questions posed

Irwin/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

 Methods
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Data Collection
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Slide 6 - 3

Monitoring, which includes

observational studies

Interrogation/communication study

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 Power
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title style
Slide 6 - 4

In an experiment, the researcher attempts

to control and/or manipulate the
variables in the study

In an ex post facto design, the researcher

has no control over the variables; they
can only report what has happened

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 ClickPurpose of thetitle
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style
Slide 6 - 5

Descriptive tries to explain

relationships among variables

Causal study is how one variable

produces changes in another

Irwin/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

 ClickThe Time
to edit Dimension
Master title style
Slide 6 - 6

Cross-sectional studies are carried out

once and represent a snapshot of one
point in time

Longitudinal studies are repeated over an

extended period

Irwin/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

 The
Click to editTopical
Master Scope
title style
Slide 6 - 7

Statistical studies attempt to capture a

population’s characteristics by making
inferences from a sample’s characteristics

Case studies place more emphasis on a full

contextual analysis of fewer events or
conditions and their interrelations

Irwin/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

 The toResearch
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Slide 6 - 8

Field conditions

Laboratory conditions

Simulations

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 A to
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 Usefulness of a design may be reduced

when people in the study perceive that
research is being conducted

 Subjects’ perceptions influence the

outcomes of the research

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 Why to
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Exploratory
Master titleStudies?
style
Slide 6 - 10

 Exploration is particularly useful when

researchers lack a clear idea of the
problems

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 DatatoCollection
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title style
Slide 6 - 11

Qualitative techniques

Secondary data

Focus groups

Two-stage design

Irwin/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001

 Causation
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 The essential element of causation is

 A “produces” B
or
 A “forces” B to occur

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 Click to edit
Causal Master
Study title style
Relationships
Slide 6 - 13

Symmetrical

Reciprocal

Asymmetrical

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 Click to edit Master
Asymmetrical title style
Relationships
Slide 6 - 14

 Stimulus-Response

 Property-Disposition

 Disposition-Behavior

 Property-Behavior

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 Achieving the Ideal
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Experimental Design
Slide 6 - 15

Control

Random Assignment

Matching

Randomization

 Manipulation and control of variables

Irwin/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001