Digital Logic Design

Logic Gates
Fall 2022
 Logic Gates
• Logic gates perform basic logical functions
• A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for
digital circuits.
• Most electronic devices we use today will have some form
of logic gates in them
• In a circuit, logic gates will make decisions based on a
combination of digital signals coming from its inputs. Most
logic gates have two inputs and one output.
• Logic gates are commonly used in integrated circuits (IC).

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 Buffer
• A buffer is a non-inverting amplifier
• It gives a logic 1 output for a logic 1 input and vice versa

Name Symbol Function Table

Buffer x F F=x x F
0 0
1 1

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 Inverter (NOT Gate)
• The inverter performs the operation called inversion or
complementation.
• The inverter changes one logic level to the opposite level. In
terms of bits, it changes a 1 to a 0 and a 0 to a 1.
Name Symbol Function Table
Inverter x F F = x’ x F
0 1
1 0

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 AND Gate
• AND gate produces a HIGH output only when all of the inputs
are HIGH.
• When any of the inputs is LOW, the output is LOW.

Name Symbol Function Table

x y F
AND x F = x.y
F 0 0 0
y 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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 OR Gate
• An OR gate produces a HIGH on the output when any of the
inputs is HIGH.
• The output is LOW only when all of the inputs are LOW

Name Symbol Function Table

x y F
AND x F = x+y 0 0 0
F
y 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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 NAND Gate
• NAND gate is an AND gate with a negated (inverted) output.
• NAND gate produces a LOW output only when all the inputs are
HIGH.
• When any of the inputs is LOW, the output will be HIGH.

Name Symbol Function Table

x y F
NAND x F = (xy)’ 0 0 1
F
y 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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 NOR Gate
• A NOR gate is an OR gate with a negated output
• A NOR gate produces a LOW output when any of its inputs is
HIGH
• When all of its inputs are LOW is the output HIGH.

Name Symbol Function Table

x y F
NOR x F = (x+y)’ 0 0 1
F
y 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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 Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate
• The output of an exclusive-OR gate is HIGH only when the two
inputs are at opposite logic levels
• The output of an exclusive-OR gate is LOW when the two inputs
are at similar logic levels

Name Symbol Function Table

x y F
x
AND F F = xy’+x’y 0 0 0
y 0 1 1
F = x ⊕y 1 0 1
1 1 0

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 Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Gate
• Equivalence
• An exclusive-NOR (EX-NOR) gate is an EX-OR gate with a negated output
• When the two input logic levels are opposite, the output of the
exclusive-NOR gate is LOW.
• When the two input logic levels are similar, the output of the exclusive-
NOR gate is HIGH.
Name Symbol Function Table
x y F
XNOR x F = xy+x’y’ 0 0 1
F
y F = (x⊕y)’ 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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 Universal Gates
• In Boolean Algebra, the NAND and NOR gates are
called universal gates because.
• Any logic gate can be created using NAND or NOR gates
only.

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 Logic Devices
• Fixed-function logic devices currently available in two major
categories:
– CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) (4000
Series)
– TTL (Transistor-Transistor logic) (74 Series)

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