MEASURES

OF
VARIABILITY
OLIVAL B. CRUZ, ED.D.
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

• A measure of variability is a summary statistic

that represents the amount of dispersion in a
dataset. How spread out are the values? While
a measure of central tendency describes the
typical value, measures of variability define how
far away the data points tend to fall from the
center.
• A measure of dispersion describe the spread
of the data.
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

• The Range
• The Mean Absolute Deviation
• The Percentile Deviation
• The Decile Deviation
• The Quartile Deviation
• The Inter-quartile Range
• The Variance
• The Standard Deviation
 THE RANGE (R)

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

Where:
THE MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION (MAD)

The mean deviation (also called the mean absolute

deviation) is the mean of the absolute
deviations of a set of data about the data's mean.
The mean deviation or the average deviation is
defined as the mean of the absolute deviations
of observations from some suitable average
which may be the arithmetic mean, the median or
the mode.
Formula:
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
THE QUANTILE DEVIATION

Another way of measuring the variability of an

observation is through quantile deviation, these
are:
1. Percentile Deviation (PD)
2. Decile Deviation (DD)
3. Quartile Deviation (QD)
4. Inter-quartile Range (IR)
THE PERCENTILE DEVIATION (PD)

Percentile Deviation describes the variations of

the middle 80% of the data set.

Formula:

Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
THE DECILE DEVIATION (DD)

Same with the Percentile Deviation that

describes the variations of the middle 80% of
the data set.

Formula:

Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
THE QUARTILE DEVIATION (QD)

It is a measure of variation based on the

quartiles of the distribution.
It describe the variations of the middle 50% of
the data set.
Formula:

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

THE INTER-QUARTILE RANGE (IR)

It is a measure of variation based on the

quartiles of the distribution.
It describe the variations of the middle 50% of
the data set.
Formula:

Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
VARIANCE

 Sample Variance (s2)

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

 Population Variance (2)

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
 STANDARD DEVIATION
 Sample Standard Deviation (S)

 Population Standard Deviation ()

A small standard deviation (and variance)

means a high degree of uniformity in the
observations and homogeneity in the
distribution.
 EXAMPLE NO. 1
Given:

27 29 42 27 17 18
34 77 80 81 45 35
Find the following:
• The Range
• The Mean Absolute Deviation
• The Percentile Deviation/The Decile Deviation
• The Quartile Deviation/The Inter-quartile Range
• The Variance (s2 and 2)
• The Standard Deviation (s and )
N Solution:
1 17 25.67 658.9489 The Range
2 18 24.67 608.6089 𝑅=𝐻𝑆 − 𝐿𝑆
3 27 15.67 245.5489 𝑅=81 −17
4 27 15.67 245.5489 𝑅=64
5 29 13.67 186.8689 The Mean
6 34 8.67 75.1689 𝑥=
∑ 𝑥
𝑥=
5 12
7 35 7.67 58.8289 𝑁 12
8 42 0.67 0.4489 𝑥=4 2 .67
9 45 2.33 5.4289 The MAD
10 77 34.33 1178.5489 𝑀𝐴𝐷=
∑ |𝑥 − 𝑥|
𝑁
11 80 37.33 1393.5289 224.68
12 81 38.33 1469.1889 𝑀𝐴𝐷=
12
 512 224.68 6126.6668 𝑀𝐴𝐷=18.72
N Solution:
1 17 25.67 658.9489 Percentile Deviation

2 18 24.67 608.6089
𝑃 90 =
90
( 12
100
3 27 15.67 245.5489
𝑃 90 =10.8= 1
4 27 15.67 245.5489
𝑃 90 = 80
5 29 13.67 186.8689
6 34 8.67 75.1689
𝑃 10 =
10
( 12
100
7 35 7.67 58.8289
8 42 0.67 𝑃 10 =1.2 =2
0.4489
9 45 2.33 5.4289 𝑃 10 =18
10 77 34.33 1178.5489
11 80 37.33 1393.5289
𝑃𝐷 =80 − 1
12 81 38.33 1469.1889
 512 224.68 6126.6668 𝑃𝐷=62
N Solution:
1 17 25.67 658.9489
Decile Deviation
2 18 24.67 608.6089
𝐷 9=
9
( 12
27 15.67 245.5489 10
3
𝐷 9 =10.8 =1
4 27 15.67 245.5489
𝐷 9 = 80
5 29 13.67 186.8689
6 34 8.67 75.1689
𝐷1 =
1
( 12
10
7 35 7.67 58.8289
8 42 0.67 𝐷 1 =1.2= 2
0.4489
9 45 2.33 5.4289
𝐷1 =18
10 77 34.33 1178.5489
11 80 37.33 1393.5289 D

12 81 38.33 1469.1889 D
 512 224.68 6126.6668
N Solution:
1 17 25.67 658.9489
Quartile Deviation
2 18 24.67 608.6089
𝑄1 =
1
( 12
4
3 27 15.67 245.5489
3
4 27 15.67 245.5489
𝑄1 = 27
5 29 13.67 186.8689
3
6 34 8.67 75.1689
𝑄 3= ( 12
4
7 35 7.67 58.8289
8 42 0.67 𝑄 3= 9
0.4489
9 45 2.33 5.4289
𝑄 3=45
10 77 34.33 1178.5489
𝑄3 −𝑄 1
11 80 37.33 1393.5289 𝑄𝐷=
2
12 81 38.33 1469.1889 45 − 27
 512 224.68 6126.6668 𝑄𝐷= 2 ¿9
 FIND: MAD, SAMPLE VARIANCE,
POPULATION VARIANCE, STANDARD
DEVIATION AND RANGE OF GROUP DATA.
CLASS
MID
CLASS CLASS
INTERVAL f POINT
fx BOUNDARIES <cf
x (x - Mean) f/x-Mean/ /(x-Mean)/2 f/( x-Mean)/2
22 - 31 9 26.5 238.5 21.5 – 31.5 9 -28 252 784 7056
32 - 41 5 36.5 182.5 31.5 – 41.5 14 -18 90 324 1620
42 - 51 6 46.5 279 41.5 – 51.5 20 -8 48 64 384
52 - 61 5 56.5 282.5 51.5 – 61.5 25 2 10 4 20
62 - 71 3 66.5 199.5 61.5 – 71.5 28 12 36 144 432
72 - 81 5 76.5 382.5 71.5 – 81.5 33 22 110 484 2420
82 - 91 6 86.5 519 81.5 – 91.5 39 32 192 1024 6144
92 - 101 1 96.5 91.5 – 101.5 40 1764
96.5 42 42 1764
N = 40 2180 780 19840
ANSWER:

Mean = 2180 / 40 Sample Variance = 19840 / 39 =

508.72 = 54.5 Population Variance = 19840/40 = 496

MAD = 780 / 40 SD = 22.55477555 SD =

22.27105745
= 19.5

Range = 101.5 -21.5

= 80
Coefficient of Variation
The Coefficient of variation is useful in comparing data set
where units may be different and it is not useful when mean is
close to zero.
Since s and  have the same units will cancel out and so, CV
has no unit.
Formula:

Where:
= Standard Deviation = Mean
KURTOSIS IS A STATISTICAL MEASURE USED TO DESCRIBE THE
DEGREE TO WHICH SCORES CLUSTER IN THE TAILS OR THE PEAK OF
A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION.

THE PEAK IS THE TALLEST PART OF THE DISTRIBUTION, AND THE

TAILS ARE THE ENDS OF THE DISTRIBUTION.
SKEWNESS VS KURTOSIS
Thank you !!!!!