WELCOME

BARRIERS TO ADAPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES

FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION

Focus on Adaptive Irrigation powdered by solar system Bio tractor based farming for conserving environment
Technology

Aerial spraying of pesticides by AI drones Vegetable harvesting robots

POLICY MODEL
 INTRODUCTION
Concept on Sustainable Crop Production & Adaptive Technology
 The concept of sustainable crop production is based on the ability of agriculture
over time to contribute to overall welfare by providing sufficient foods, other goods
and services in ways that are economically viable, socially responsible as well as
improving environment quality.
 Adaptive technologies, which can contribute to an economically efficient agricultural
sector and financial viability for farmers, while improving environmental
performance and being socially acceptable, will deliver triple benefits for
sustainability.
 Farmers Demand
ADAPTIVE AGRICULTURE TARGET

• New Technologies
as a way to reduce cost • Improving the Productivity of
Media,
• Higher Income Middle and Large Farm activity.
Pressure
• Greater knowledge and • Produce High quality agricultural
group,
• Improve channel of product in order to remain
Food
communications internationally competitive.
retailers
and
Consumer Demand Processors

Food be produced using

technologies that conserve The changing demand
natural resources, limit reflected in Policies
environmental pressures and
pay greater attention to rural
viability

Author(s)
Godfray et al.2010;United Nations Department
of Economic and Social Affairs(UNDESA),
Inter governmental panel on Climate
Change(IPCC)
Challinor et al.; Abhilash et al.
Challinor et al.; Abhilash et al.
Colovic & Mrvic-Petrovic
Sadia Noor Khan & Md. Nazmul Hasan
LITERATURE REVIEW
Year Key Findings
2010 Global food security is at the crossroads as our ever-growing population and
2013 changing climatic conditions exert tremendous pressure on agriculture systems
2014 worldwide.
Developing countries are most vulnerable to food security and poverty and millions
of poor and smallholder farmers are prone to malnutrition and hunger.
2010 Malnutrition and hunger will persist for the coming decades and will seriously
2015 undermine the SDGs, especially SDG 1 ( No Poverty), SDG 2 ( Zero Hunger) and
SDG 3( Good Health and Well-Being) framed by the UN as their 2030 agenda for
development.
2012 Moreover, the lack of information, knowledge sharing, and extension services
provided to farmers also have a major effect in narrowing the agricultural yield in
developing countries. Climate scientists have already predicted that if immediate
adaptation (particularly crop-level adaptation) strategies are not properly
implemented the agriculture sector is going to witness severe repercussions in
coming decades.
2014 Crop insurance is very significant as a risk administration tactic from a variety of
risks and their consequences.
2022 The variables including education experience, the opportunity of extension
education, awareness of crop insurance, perception of risk, risk experience, and
income monthly have a positive influence in the adaptation of crop insurance.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Barriers to Adaptive Technologies for Sustainable Crop Production
Agriculture Minister Dr Md
Climate change effect: Abdur Razzaque has
 Serious threat to Agriculture and food security as
instructed the officials and
well as good quality of life.
‘ scientists to fully utilize the
 Low growth rate of production in coastal potential of agricultural
region production in the vast
coastal area of the country
 Poor Farming technology not supportive to Source: Bangladesh post
climate change

Poor position of the Local Govt. Organization

Poor access to capital and Market Risk management

of Farmer

Lack of Skill and Training

 STATUS
CONDITION OF SALINITY IN BANGLADESH
 One major natural hazard that hinders crop production on the coastal plain is salinization. Not
only decreasing the agricultural production of the majority of crops, nevertheless, salinity also
affects the physicochemical properties of the soil as well as the ecological balance of the area.

In Bangladesh, there are around 3 million hectares of land which are affected by salinity consisting of a
range of EC values between 4 and 16 ds/m. The cropping patterns followed in the coastal areas are mainly
“Fallow-Fallow- T Aman rice”. Therefore, low agricultural productivity and low economic returns are
associated with the effects of salinity.
 METHODOLOGY
Information Collection

Barriers To Adaptive Agricultural Technologies for Sustainable Crop Production

Qualitative Approach Quantitative Approach

Content Analysis Context Analysis Statistical simple Analysis

Review of literature,
publications,
Stakeholder Analysis,
Stakeholder Matrix,
SWOT Analysis
PESTLE Analysis, of data collected through
Multicriteria Questionnaire Survey
Analysis(MCA), ( no. of respondents=30)
Risk Analysis

OPTIONS

Selected Action & Monitoring &

Analyse options Implementation
MCA, PESTLE Preferred Evaluation
Plan
Options
 The main data were gathered by means of a questionnaire drawn up by variables.
This survey was conducted according to actual field conditions with a sample size of
30 farmers and based on simple quantitative sampling methods in Shyamnagar
upazila of Satkhira district.

Figure : Adaptation technological

impact on sustainable crop
production
Figure: Respondents were expressed their opinions
on benefits obtained by using adaptation
technologies for crop production.
 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS:
Stakeholder List:
 Bangladesh Agricultural Research
 Farmers Council (BARC)
 Department of Agricultural Extension  Political Parties
(DAE)
 Health & Public Health Department
 Bangladesh Agricultural Development
 Ministry of Environment, Forest, and
Corporation (BADC)
Climate Change
 Bangladesh Chemical Industries
 Ministry of Food
Corporation (BCIC)
 Suppliers of Raw Materials
 Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)
 Donor agencies (JICA, IFAD, IDA,
 Ministry of Environment, Forest and
FAO and World Bank
Climate Change
 Local Administration
 Ministry of Industries (MoI)
 Farmers Group/ Organization
 Electronic and print media
 Ministry of Public Administration
 Consumers (Mass People)
 Exporter
 Bangladesh crop protection
Association  Policy Makers
 Fertilizers and Pesticides Retailers  Department of Disaster Management
 Soil Resource Development Institute  IPCC
(SRDI)
 Stakeholder Role: Stakeholder Mapping:
Category of List of Stakeholders
Stakeholder

Approval Government agencies: Who regulate the

production, the new adaptive agriculture
technologies innovators, soil health and
concern the Food security.

Supporter Farmers, Vulnerable communities,

Environmental regulatory agencies, Civil
society, Consumers, Development partners

Collaborators Farmers, Local Administration, Farmers

Groups, National and local media, Relevant
departments, political parties

Constrainer Traditional farmhouse holders , Middle man,

Local leader
Opponent Traditional community, laggard farmers

Beneficiaries Mass people, Government, Farmers,

Consumers, Society
Loser Investors, Food Importers Stakeholder Interest-Influence Matrix
 PESTLE Analysis: SWOT Analysis:
Political Factors Reducing poverty and ensuring food to
mass people are the concern of a political
party.
Economic factors Due to Climate change hazard economic
losses have occurred continuously. If the
investment is done properly in the agriculture
sector, it will be back as more profitable and
create sustainable income opportunities.
Sociological Living status will be high of mass people
factors
Technological New technology may be needed to improve
factors the situation.
Legal factors Legal issues are involved.

Environmental Conserve biodiversity and creating a sound

factors environment for living being on the earth.
PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS:
Barriers to adaptation technologies for crop production faced by respondents
 Probable Policy Options Analysis
Respondents’ Opinions on Possible Policy Options:
1 2
Replacement of
Introduce the cropping
farmers ‘existing
insurance for
traditional practices
sustainable crop
by effective adaptive
production that is
agricultural practices
conserving the natural
for more food
resources.
production

Fig :Respondent has ranked of adaptive Practices according to their farm

activity In Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira District.

3 4
Ensure availability of Awareness created
adaptive agricultural through training and
technologies practices motivational programs
within all categories of by public and private
farmers by Government collaborative
subsidies. activities.

Figure : Opinions expressed by responded on introducing crop insurance as

an adaptive technology for sustainable crop production.
 Policy Options With Their Corresponding Impact
Policy Options Impacts
Administrative Fiscal Economical Social Legal Environmental
Replacement of farmers’ -Legislative decision -Budget needed for -Increased Improved Need improvement of Minimize the climate
existing traditional - Technical expertise needed adaptive technology production food system policy and hazards
practices by effective - Infrastructure development development and regulations
adaptive technologies for -Develop Monitoring technology transfer
more food production. capacity. -Budget for Initial
investment

Introduce the cropping -Organizational
insurance for sustainable arrangement
crop production that is -Form crop insurance
conserving the natural protocol including the
resources. private sector
-Make dynamic and capable
public sector
Ensure availability of -Increased administrative
adaptive agricultural responsibility
technologies within all - Increased government
categories of farmers by revenue
Government subsidies.
-Low budget investment -Ensure -Poverty reduction -Intellectual -Conserve the Nature
for regulation the sustainable crop -access to technologies Prosperity rights -Increase soil health
implementation. production -Increase life expectancy -Insurance law and -Decrease environment
-Fund supplement from -GDP growth also -Ensure gender equality regulations degradation
Private bank for advance increased -reduce unemployment -Public Private -Environment friendly crop
seasonal production -Increase the labor -increase social mobility partnership farming practices
expenditures according to productivity -Secure living condition -improve biodiversity
insurance framework. -Increase the agricultural
investment
- SME development and
transformation of
commercial agriculture
- High budget - Inflationary Depends on Govt. -Increases the law -Prevent ground water
-High expenditure pressures Subsidies enforcement pollution
-Financing GoB - Constraints -low labor productivity challenges -reduce salinity
food production -Miss conception of the -Contractual -Conserve the nature
public sector. obligation

Awareness and capacity -Organizational arrangement -Medium Budget -Increase agricultural Changes attitudes & -Increase the -Conserve the nature
building through training, - Increase skills and -Training cost investments behaviors efficiency of law -Decrease the environmental
workshop, seminar and knowledge -Media telecast and -Improved the -Improved community implementation risk.
motivational programs by - Make dynamic and publication budget competitiveness of good engagement -Improved Policy and -Limit greenhouse gas
public and private capable public sector quality production -Improved health and well- regulation emissions
collaborative activities. -Improve the understanding being -Easy law -Increase soil health
level about adaptive enforcement
technology.
 Risk Analysis of The Preferred Policy Options

Policy Option Risk Factors Probability Impacts Risk Level Rank

Replacement of farmers’ existing Farmers' un-acceptance Medium Medium Medium 2nd

traditional practices by effective & unwillingness
adaptive technologies for more food
production. Institutional Low High
arrangement
Technical Complexity Medium Medium

Ensure availability of adaptive Coordination with other High High High 3rd
agricultural technologies within all ministries
categories of farmers by Government
subsidies. Corruption High Low

Veto from different High High

donor agencies’
Capacity building & awareness raising Government resources Low High Low 1st
on crop insurance
Understanding Medium High

Sustainability Medium High

 PESTLE Analysis for preferable policy options

Options Political Economical Social Technological Environ Legal Net Rank

mental Point

Replacement of ++ ++ + + +++ + 10 1st

farmers’ existing
traditional
practices by
effective adaptive
technologies for
more food
production.
Ensure availability -- ++ - +/- ++ + 2 3rd
of adaptive
agricultural
technologies within
all categories of
farmers by
Government
subsidies.
Capacity building + - + ++ ++ + 6 2nd
& awareness
raising on Crop
insurance
 Multicriteria Analysis (MCA)
 Multicriteria Analysis for policy options of the barriers to adaptive technologies for sustainable crop production

Assessment criteria Points Weight (0-1) Impacts (points Total score Position
(-5 to +5) *weight)

Policy Options-01 Replacement of farmers’ existing traditional practices by effective adaptive technologies for more food
production.
Administrative -2 0.5 -1.0 7.5 1st
Economic 4 0.6 2.4
Fiscal 1 0.2 0.2
Social 4 0.6 2.4
Environmental 5 0.7 3.5
Policy Options-02 Ensure availability of adaptive agricultural technologies within all categories of farmers by Government
subsidies.
Administrative -4 0.3 -1.2 3.0 3rd
Economic 2 0.5 1.0
Fiscal 3 0.6 1.8
Social -5 0.2 -1.0
Environmental 4 0.6 2.4
Policy Options-03 Capacity building and awareness raising on Crop insurance
Administrative 4 0.2 0.8 3.4 2nd
Economic -2 0.3 -0.6
Fiscal -3 0.3 -0.9
Social 4 0.4 1.6
Environmental 5 0.5 2.5
 Ranking Of The Policy Options:
Policy Options PASTLE Multicriteria Risk Analysis Overal
Analysis Analysis l Rank
(MCA)
Score Rank Score Rank Level Rank

Replacement of 10 1st 7.5 1st Medium 2nd 1st

farmers ‘existing
traditional practices by
effective adaptive
technologies for more
food production.

Ensure availability of 2 3rd 3.0 3rd High 3rd 3rd

adaptive agricultural
technologies within all
categories of farmers
by Government
subsidies.
Capacity building & 6 2nd 3.4 2nd Low 1st 2nd
awareness raising on
Crop insurance
 PROPOSED CROP INSURANCE WORKING PRINCIPLES

The “Crop Insurance” framework will be determined by the government of the People's Republic
of Bangladesh. The Ministry of Finance will build a framework for introducing the ‘Crop
Insurance’ in Bangladesh. As a Government financial representative Central Bank provides
support as a loan granter. The loan is granted to insurance holder from Private Bank and other
private investor. Protection for the market and price risk is also on the way: an instruction may be
issued by the Ministry of Finance. The Ministry of Finance, together with other three authorities:
the Ministry of Agriculture, Jibon Bema Corporation, Bangladesh and Private Partners are
investing in crop insurance.
 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
What Who When Where Why How Preferred Monitoring & How to Who will Monitor &
(Initiatives/ (Players/ (Tentative Policy Options Evaluation Monitor Monitor & Evaluation
Activities) Actors) timeline) Key performance & Evaluation Time (when)
Index (KPI) Evaluatio
Inception DG, DAE May 2024 BARC -Need Assessment Administrative n
workshop Auditorium -Understand Context Circular
Replacement -No of Total cropped -Field visit -Researcher - -Periods of
of farmers area & Monitoring demonstration
Administrative Secretary, June 2024 MoA -Preparation of Pilot Official existing -% of total area under reporting cell of MoA -Half yearly
Approval MoA Project Arrangement traditional irrigation -Analyze Secretary, monitoring &
DPP Focal Point July to Dec DAE To speed up modern Based on practices by -Trend of crop the Crop MoA evaluation
Preparation for Officer, DAE 2024 fertilizers feasibility study effective production yield trend DG,DAE carried out
Pilot Project & management adaptive -Availability of - Data -IMED -End of the year
Approval approach technologies agricultural labor review of -Lead Farmer evaluation
for more food -Agricultural growth BBS & -Private seed -Medium term
Implementatio Project Jan 24 to Upazila Ensure judicial use carrying out the production. rate related company evaluation
n of Pilot Director, Dec 25 Level of sludge lime and necessary organizatio
Project DAE flyash activities, n
including
training,
outreach, and
data collection.

Monitoring MoA, DAE July to Sep Project to ensure that a Meeting, Field Capacity - Stakeholder - -Secretary, Implementation
and IMED 2025 Area project stays on visit and building & meeting MoA period after
track and meets its Communication awareness -Observe the Trend -DG,DAE implementation
objectives with the raising on in socio-economic -IMED period
stakeholders Crop status -Policy
insurance -Organizational maker
Midterm Third party Oct to Dec DAE Building awareness Reporting, field participation of -Donor
Evaluation (Outsourcing) 2025 on benefits of visit and targeted community agencies
adaptive stakeholder
technologies. meeting
 "WHY DO WE STILL HAVE OBSTACLES TO ADAPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES WHILE OUR GOVERNMENT HAS
IMPLEMENTED VARIOUS PROJECTS AND INITIATIVES ON IT ?"
Recommendations
Insufficient Demonstration  Farmers will invest in and implement sustainable technologies and
 Private sector gives emphasis on foreign technology instead farm practices if they expect the investment will be profitable, if
of locally developed adaptive technology they have the right education, information and motivation, and if
government policies set clear goals.
 Research gap on technology feedback
 The Government can provide enough training and subsidize the
 BADC cannot supply farm inputs as per demand of farmers farmers for reducing the salinity level can be attained by use of the
 Weak understanding level of farmers on adaptive mixture of sludge lime and fly ash to stabilize the soil which the
technologies farmers are unaware about and even cannot afford to make use of it.
 Poor budget of Government for promoting locally adaptive As a result arable cultivating lands will increase and decrease the
technology development fallow lands.
 Institutional support Gap  The World Trade Organization does not advocate government direct
 There is no specific policy on adaptive technology subsidies for farmers in case of natural disaster. Direct subsidy is a
short term solution for risk management.
interrelated departments  Crop insurance provides for the prevention of production process
and production security, as well as protection against farm losses.
This practice encourages farmers to be aware of and educate
themselves on the various strategies for dealing with this crop and
market risks.
Conclusion
Concerning the barriers to adaptive agriculture for sustainable crop production, it is the time to put the preferred policy alternatives into effect for
ensure the food security that is aligned to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) by 2030. The crop insurance represent a new phase for the
economy in terms of reducing the agricultural risks in china, india as well as EU countries. So, the time has come for Bangladesh to introduce the
crop insurance.
 Tentative Budget of Proposed Pilot Project
Sl. Items Unit Cost Unit Total Total Cost (In
No (Lakh) Number Lakh)
01 Training for capacity building 0.5 Batch 260 130
(farmers)

02 Training for capacity building 1.47 Batch 60 88.2

(SAAOs)
03 Training for capacity building 2.723 Batch 30 81.69
(Officers)

04 Training Manual and Guidelines 40 Lump LS 40

sum
05 Lime application 800 Lump LS 800
sum
06 Demonstration 1 No 200 200
07 Field Day 0.11 No 20 2.2
08 Workshop (Regional & National) 8 No 4 32
09 Farmer Motivational Tour 2 No 5 10
10 Advertisement and Publication 25 Lump LS 25
sum
11 Lead Farmers’ TOT training 6 Person 20 120
12 Miscellaneous Expenses 15 Lump LS 15
sum
Total: In word Twenty-One Crore Seventy-Four Lakh Nine Thousand 2174.09
 Expected Outcome
Replacement of farmers' Awareness and capacity
Introduce the cropping
existing traditional building through training,
insurance for sustainable crop
practices by effective workshop, seminar and
production that is conserving
adaptive agricultural motivational programs by
the natural resources.
practices for more food public and private
production. collaborative activities.
% B a rrie r o v e rcome through
90-95
e in en t of n Integrated App
roach
s m o
c rea B etter Conditi
In 5% ic
5 % ction 50-5 econom
4 du o
Pro Soci

Exist cropping Pattern : Fallow- PILOT Project Cost :for 3 years is 22 crore
Fallow-Taman (12000 ha fallow PILOT Project Benefit outcome increasing by
land)
cropping intensity & pattern is 120 crore & Modern
Boro rice corporate in this
intercultural operation is 24 crore.
cropping pattern. Fellow land
under cultivation by rice
BCR is 6.54 which indicates that benefits exceed
( Banga Bandhu Dhan-100 is
costs of pilot project. BCR reading is over 1.0
suitable variety.) and Oil seed
indicates that on a broad level, a project should be
crops and vegetables.
Source: Upazila Agriculture Office,
financially successful.
Shyamnagar, Satkhira.