FL 2 Lecture Outdoor Model

Wireless Communication
Channels: Large-Scale Pathloss

Path Loss Models
Need for propagation model
 Determining the coverage area of a

transmitter.
 Determine the transmitter power
requirement.
 Determine the battery lifetime
 Finding modulation and coding schemes to
improve the channel quality.
 Determine the maximum channel capacity.
© Tallal Elshabrawy
Path-Loss Models
 The most general case of signal reception might consist of a direct path, reflected paths,
diffracted paths, and scattered paths (which makes mathematical analysis cumbersome)
 Path-Loss models are empirical models that are based on fitting curves or analytical
expressions that recreate a set of measured data
 Note:
 A given empirical model might only be valid within the environment where the measurements
used to estimate such model have been taken
© Tallal Elshabrawy 4
Large scale propagation model.
 Typically the local average received power is
computed by averaging the signal measurements
over a measurement track and that can range from
5 wavelengths up to 40 wavelengths.
 The model that predicts the mean signal strength
for an arbitrary receives transmitter separation
distance also called large scale propagation
models.
Large scale propagation model.
 several hundreds to thousands of meters.
 The attenuation of signal strength due to power loss along
the distance travelled is termed as shadowing.
 The distribution of power loss in dBs can be represented as
log normal distributed.
 There are small fluctuations around a slowly varying mean
as opposed to rapid fluctuations around a slowly varying
mean for small scale propagation models. This is useful in
estimating the radio coverage of a transmitter and this will
be actually used for your cell sight planning.
Free space propagation model
 this is used to predict the received signal strength in
the case when there is a clear line of sight between
the transmitter and receiver.
 consider a realistic situation where I have a
transmitter, a base station antenna and a receiver
antenna which is at a distance „d‟ and let us assume
that they do have a cleared line of sight. In this
scenario we are not using the two path reflection
model.
 Here free space propagation model has no
reflections.
 received power will be transmit power PT times
that gain of the transmit antenna, GT gain of the
received antenna GR lambda squared which is the
wavelength squared whole divided by 4 pi or 4 pi
squared d squared L where d is the distance
between the transmitter and receiver.
 power falls as the square of the transmitter-
receiver separation and received power decays
with distance at the rate of 20 dB per decade.
 A quick example. a transmitter that produces 50 watts
of power, if the d 0 is 100meters that is, we take a
power meter put it at 100 meters and measure the
signal strength and suppose the signal strength comes
out to be 0.0035 mW. We are asked to predict what
could be the receiver power level at a distance of 10
kilometers. Suppose your cell radius is 10 kilometers
and one of your mobile stations are situated at the
fringe, we would like to know what the received power
is.
This equation is useful for predicting the path loss for mobile
communication systems.
 path loss actually represents the signal attenuation
period.
 it is simply the difference between the effective
transmit power and the received power. So path
loss in db is log 10 PT over Pr which is nothing but
-10 log the Friis free space equation GT GR
lambda squared divided by 4 pi squared d
squared.
Two ray ground reflection model
 It is a simple model but it is a useful model.
 This model is reasonably accurate for
predicting large scale signal strength over
several kilometers.
 In fact, this model is good when the distance
between the transmitter and the receiver is
large.
 The assumption is that the height of the
transmitter is about 50 m or more. This is
true for mobile applications.
 The ground reflection model does not work when mobile
station is very close the base station. So let‟s put it slightly
apart and let‟s see how the mobile station would like to set
up its communication link with the base station. So there is
clearly a line of sight because there is no obstruction which
we depict by E LOS the subscript LOS stands for line of
sight. However that is not the only energy that we are
getting. We will also have a reflected path which goes, hits
the earth and is reflected back. Not all the energy is
reflected back because earth is a dielectric.
 Distance„d‟ is between the transmitter and the
receiver
 height of the transmitter h T,
 h r height of the receiver.
 Please remember this is the absolute height. So if
the base station is situated on top of a building, we
take the height from the ground. If the car or the
mobile station is sitting on a small hill, we take the
height from the ground level.
Log distance path loss model
 The average large scale path loss for an arbitrarily
transmitter receiver separation is expressed as a
function of distance by using a path loss exponent
„n‟
 „n‟ characterizes the propagation environment. For
free space it is two whereas where we have more
obstructions, it can get a larger value.
 The path loss equation for log distance model that
we have already studied does not consider the fact
that the surrounding environment may be vastly
different at two locations. This the key point.
Log-Distance Path-Loss Model
Theoretical and Measurement-based Propagation suggest
that the average received signal power decreases
logarithmically with distance
PL (d): Average path-loss for an arbitrary separation

n : Path-loss exponent
Log-Distance Pathloss Model
 The lognormal shadowing model has been shown to be
applicable in indoor environments
Log-normal Shadowing
 Distance between two nodes alone cannot fully explain the
signal strength level at the receiver
 Shadowing has been introduced as a means to model the
variation of signal propagation behavior between two different
signal paths assuming the same propagation distance
PL (d): Path-loss model for an arbitrary separation d

Xσ : Shadowing parameter (zero mean Gaussian distributed random variable in
dB with standard deviation σ also in dB)
Log normal shadowing
Log normal shadowing
 What is the received signal strength? Received
signal strength is nothing but the signal strength
transmitted minus the path loss if I am talking in
dB.
Path-Loss Exponent for Different Environments
Environment Path-Loss Exponent n

Free-Space 2
Urban area cellular radio 2.7 to 3.5
Shadowed urban cellular radio 3 to 5
In building line-of-sight 1.6 to 1.8

Obstructed in building 4 to 6
Obstructed in factories 2 to 3
Outdoor Propagation Models
 Longley-Rice Model (Read)
 Durkin’s Model (Read)
 Okumura’s Model
 Hata Model
 PCS extension to Hata Model
 Walfisch and Bertoni (Read)

Okumura’s Model
 Okumura’s model is one of the most widely used models
for signal predictions in urban and sub-urban mobile
communication areas
 This model is applicable for frequencies ranging from 150

MHz to 1920 MHz
 It can cover distances from 1 km to 100 km and it can be

used for base station heights starting from 30m to 1000m
 The model is based on empirical data collected in detailed

propagation tests over various situations of an irregular
terrain and environmental clutter
Okumura’s Model
L50  dB   L F  A mu  f ,d   G  h te   G  h re   G AREA
 L50 is the median value or 50th percentile value of the propagation path
loss
 LF is the free space propagation path loss
 Amu is the median attenuation relative to free space
 GAREA is the gain due to the type of environment
 G(hte) is the base station antenna height gain factor
 G(hre) is the mobile antenna height gain factor
Okumura’s Model: Amu Curves
“Wireless Communications:
Principles and Practice 2nd
Edition”, T. S. Rappaport, Prentice
Hall, 2001
Okumura’s Model: GArea Curves
Edition”, T. S. Rappaport, Prentice
Hall, 2001
Okumura’s Model: G(hte), G(hre)
 The empirical model of Okumura assumed h te =
200m, hre = 3m
 h te 
G  h te   20log   30m  h te  1000m
 200 
 h re 
G  h re   10log   h re  3m
 3 
 h re 
G  h re   20log   3m  h re  10m
 3 
Hata Model
L50  urban  dB   69.55  26.26log  f c   13.82log  h te   a  h re 

  44.9  6.55log  h te  log  d 
 L50 is the median value or 50th percentile value of the propagation

path loss
 fc (in MHz) is the frequency (15MHz to 1500MHz)
 hte is the effective transmitter height in meters (30m to 200 m)
 hre is the effective transmitter height in meters (1m to 10 m)
 d is the T-R separation in Km
 a(hre) is the correction factor for effective mobile (i.e., receiver)
antenna height which is a function of the size of the coverage area
Hata Model: a(hre)
 For a Medium sized city, correction factor is given by:
a  h re   1.1log  f c   0.7  h re  1.56log  f c   0.8  dB
 For a Large city, correction factor is given by:
a  h re   8.29  log 1.54h re   1.1

2
dB for f c  300MHz
a  h re   3.2  log 11.75h re   4.97

2
dB for f c  300MHz
Hata Model
 Path loss in suburban area, the equation is modified as
L 50  dB   L50  urban   2 log  f c / 28   5.4

2
 For path loss in open rural areas, the formula is modified as
L 50  dB   L50  urban   4.78 log  f c   18.33log  f c   40.94

2
 Hata Model is well-suited for Large cell mobile systems
PCS Extension to Hata Model
 An extended version of the Hata model developed by
COST-231 working committee for 2 GHz range
L50  urban  dB   46.3  33.9log  f c   13.82log  h te   a  h re 

  44.9  6.55log  h re  log  d   C M
 fc is the frequency (1500MHz to 2000 MHz)

 hte is the effective transmitter height in meters (30m to 200 m)
 hre is the effective transmitter height in meters (1m to 10 m)
 d is the T-R separation in Km (1 Km to 20 Km)
 CM=0 dB for medium sized city and suburban areas, CM=3 dB for
metropolitan centers
Indoor Propagation Models
 The indoor radio channel differs from the traditional mobile
radio channel in the following aspects
 Much smaller distances
 Much greater variability of the environment for a much smaller
range of T-R separation distances
 Difficult to ensure far-field radiation
 Propagation within buildings is strongly influenced by

specific features such as
 Building layout
 Construction materials
 Building type
 Open/Closed doors
 Locations of antennas
Partition Losses (Same Floor)
Edition”, T. S. Rappaport,
Prentice Hall, 2001
Partition Losses between Floors
Prentice Hall, 2001
Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
Upper bound on
Lower bound on the path-loss
the path-loss
Prentice Hall, 2001
Attenuation Factor Model
 This was described by Seidel S.Y. It is an in-building propagation
model that includes
 Effect of building type
 Variations caused by obstacles
 nSF represents the path-loss exponent for the same floor

measurements
 FAF represents the floor attenuation factor
 PAF represents the partition attenuation factor for a specific
obstruction encountered by a ray drawn between the transmitter and
receiver
Attenuation Factor Model
 FAF may be replaced by an exponent that accounts for the
effects of multiple floor separation
 nMF represents the path-loss exponent based on measurements

through multiple floors

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Wireless Communication

Channels: Large-Scale Pathloss

 Determining the coverage area of a

PL (d): Average path-loss for an arbitrary separation

PL (d): Path-loss model for an arbitrary separation d

Environment Path-Loss Exponent n

In building line-of-sight 1.6 to 1.8

 Durkin’s Model (Read)

 PCS extension to Hata Model

 Walfisch and Bertoni (Read)

 This model is applicable for frequencies ranging from 150

 It can cover distances from 1 km to 100 km and it can be

 The model is based on empirical data collected in detailed

L50  urban  dB   69.55  26.26log  f c   13.82log  h te   a  h re 

 L50 is the median value or 50th percentile value of the propagation

a  h re   1.1log  f c   0.7  h re  1.56log  f c   0.8  dB

 For a Large city, correction factor is given by:

a  h re   8.29  log 1.54h re   1.1

a  h re   3.2  log 11.75h re   4.97

L 50  dB   L50  urban   2 log  f c / 28   5.4

 For path loss in open rural areas, the formula is modified as

L 50  dB   L50  urban   4.78 log  f c   18.33log  f c   40.94

 Hata Model is well-suited for Large cell mobile systems

L50  urban  dB   46.3  33.9log  f c   13.82log  h te   a  h re 

 fc is the frequency (1500MHz to 2000 MHz)

 Propagation within buildings is strongly influenced by

 nSF represents the path-loss exponent for the same floor

 nMF represents the path-loss exponent based on measurements

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