Structure Foundation

(Deep Foundation-01)
311-Construction II

Kabul University
Engineering Faculty, Architecture Dep.

Kabul, Afghanistan
Sep, 2011
Seismic Load and Settlement
 Seismic load and
Settlement is
considered based
on soil bearing
capacity and
elements
capabilities.
 Major Elements of Frame Structure
 FOUNDATION:
 Type and size of foundation directly
depend on type of soil, size of
building or load of building and
location of building where the
building is going to be built.
Architecture design also can change
the type of foundation.

 Architect can work closely with

structure eng ( foundation designer)
to make final decision about the type
of foundation and select the most
suitable foundation system for
building.
 Major Element of Frame Structure
 Primary Factors that affect the choice of a foundation type for a
building

 1- Subsurface soil and ground water

 2- Structure requirement , included foundation loads, building
configuration and depth

 Secondary Factors included:

 1- Construction methods, included access and working space

 2- Environmental factors, including noise, traffic, and disposal of earth
and water
 3- building codes and regulations
 Proximity of adjacent property and potential impact on that property
 4- Time available for construction
 5- construction risks
 Over all there are two basic types of foundation (P.52 FBC)

 1- Shallow Foundation
 2- Deep Foundation
 Major Element of Frame Structure
 Shallow Foundation:

 Shallow foundations are those that transfer the load to the earth at the
base of the column or wall of the substructure.

 Most shallow foundations are simple concrete footings.

 A column footing is a square block of concrete, with or without steel

reinforcing, that accepts the concentrated load placed on it from above
by a building column and spreads this load across an area of soil
large enough that allowable bearing stress of the soil is not exceeded.

 Different types of shallow foundation are used across the word.

 1- column footing
 2- Wall footing

 A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that

serves that same function for a load bearing wall.
Shallow Foundation
Combination Spread & Strip Footing
 Major Element of Frame Structure
 Shallow Foundation:
 Deep Foundation

• When ever the shallow foundation cannot transfer the load the
reliable soil level or building soil cannot support the load or weight
of the structure,
• Deep foundation is considered for building.

• Deep foundation penetrate through upper layers of incompetent soil

in order to transfer the load to competent bearing soil or rock
deeper within the earth.

• Purpose: Transfer building loads deep into the earth

• There are many types of Deep foundation but over all is divided in
either Piles or caissons
Caisson Foundation

• Or drilled pier is similar to a column footing in that it

spreads the load from a column over a large enough
area of soil that the allowable stress in the soil is not
exceeded.

• It differs from a column footing in that it extends

through strata of unsatisfactory soil beneath the
substructure of a building until it reaches a more
suitable stratum.

• A caisson is constructed by drilling or hand-digging

a hole, belling (flaring) the hole out at the bottom as
necessary to achieve the required bearing area, and
filling the hole with concrete.
Caisson types

Basic types
– Drilled (& poured)

– Driven

Caisson are concrete

cylinders poured into
drilled holes they
reach through weaker
soil to bear on
competent soil
 FOUNDATIONS - OVERVIEW
• Large auger drills are used for drilling caissons. Hand
excavation is used only if the soil is too full of boulders for the drill.

• A temporary cylindrical steel casing is usually lowered around the

drill as it progresses to support the soil around the hole.

• When a firm bearing stratum is reached, the bell, if required, is

created at the bottom of the shaft either by hand excavation or by a
special belling bucket on the drill.

• The bearing surface of the soil at the bottom of the hole is then
inspected to be sure it is of the anticipated quality, and the hole is
filled with concrete, withdrawing the casing as the concrete rises.

• Reinforcing is seldom used in the concrete except near the top of

the caisson, where it joins the columns of the superstructure.
• Caissons are large, heavy-duty foundation components.
Large Auger drills
Caisson types

Their shaft diameters range from 18 inches (460 mm) up to 8 feet

(2.4 m) or more.

Belled caissons are practical only where the bell can be

excavated in a cohesive soil (such as clay) that can retain its
shape until concrete is poured.

Where groundwater is present, the temporary steel casing can

prevent flooding of the caisson hole during its construction.

But where the bearing stratum is permeable, water may be able to

fill the hole from below and caisson construction may not be
practical.

A socketed caisson is drilled into rock at the bottom rather than

belled. Its bearing capacity comes not only from its end bearing,
but from the frictional forces between the sides of the caisson and
the rock as well.
Bell caisson working
Piles Foundation

A pile is distinguished from a caisson by bring forcibly driven into

the earth rather then drilled and poured.

It may be used where non-cohesive soils, subsurface water

conditions, or excessive depth of bearing strata make caissons
impractical.

The simplest kind of pile is a timber pile, a tree trunk with its
branches and bark removed; it is held small end down in a pile-
driver and beaten into the earth with repeated blows of a heavy
mechanical hammer.

If a pile is driven until its tip encounters firm resistance from a

suitable bearing stratum such as rock, dense sands, or gravels, it
is an end bearing pile.
 Piles Foundation

If it is driven only into softer material, without encountering a firm

bearing layer,

it may still develop a considerable load-carrying capacity through

frictional resistance between the sides of the pile and the soil
through which it is driven; in this case, it is known as a friction pile.

(Some piles rely on a combination of end bearing and friction for

their strength.)

Piles are usually driven closely together in clusters that contain 2 to

25 piles each.

The piles in each cluster are later joined at the top by a reinforced
concrete pile cap, which distributes the load of the column or wall
above among the piles
Pile Foundation

Clusters of two, three, four, and nine piles with their concrete caps, viewed
from above. The caps are reinforced to transmit column loads equally into
all the piles in the cluster,
Friction Piles

• Friction piles work best in silty, clayey, and sandy soils.

• They are driven either to a predetermined depth or until a

certain level of resistance to hammer blows is encountered,

• Clusters of friction piles have the effect of distributing a

concentrated load from the structure above into a large volume
of soil around and below the cluster, at stresses that lie safely
within the capability of the soil.

• The loadbearing capacities of piles are calculated in advance

based on soil test results and the properties of the piles and
pile driver.

• To verify the Test Piles are often driven and loaded on the
building site before foundation work begins
Pile Foundation working with soil/ ground
Steel Pile
Pile Driving
• Pile hammers are massive weights lifted by the energy of
steam, compressed air, compressed hydraulic fluid, or a diesel
explosion, then dropped against a block that is in firm contact
with the top of the pile.

• Single-acting hammers fall by gravity alone, while double-acting

• hammers are forced downward by reverse application of the
energy source that lifts the hammer.

• The hammer travels on tall vertical rails called lead

(pronounced “leeds”) at the front of a pile driver It is first hoisted
up the leads to the top of each pile as driving commences, then
follows the pile down as it penetrates the earth.

• The Pile-`Driver mechanism includes lifting machinery to raise

each pile into position before driving.
 Pile Driver

In certain types of soil,

piles can be driven more
efficiently by vibration
than by hammer blows
alone, using a vibratory
hammer mechanism.

Where vibrations from

hammering could be
a risk to nearby existing
structures, some
lightweight pile systems
can also be installed by
rotary drilling or
hydraulic pressing.
Pile Materials
• Piles may be made of timber, steel, concrete, and various
combinations of these materials.

• Timber piles have been used since Roman times, when they
were driven by large mechanical hammers hoisted by muscle
power.

• Their main advantage is that they are economical for lightly

• loaded foundations. On the minus side, they cannot be spliced
during driving and are, therefore, limited to the length of available
tree trunks, approximately 65 feet (20 m).

• Unless pressure treated with a wood preservative or completely

submerged below the water table, they will decay (the lack of
free oxygen in the water prohibits organic growth).
• Relatively small hammers must be used in driving timber piles to
avoid splitting them.
Pile Materials
 Steel Pipe Piles

• The cutoff ends can then be welded onto other piles to avoid waste.

• Corrosion can be a problem in some soils, however, and unlike

closed pipe piles and hollow precast concrete piles, H-piles
• cannot be inspected after driving to be sure they are straight and
undamaged.

• Allowable loads on H-piles run from 30 to 225 tons (27,000 to

204,000 kg).

• Steel pipe piles have diameters of 8 to 16 inches (200 to 400 mm).

They may be driven with the lower end either open or closed with a
heavy steel plate.

• An open pile is easier to drive than a closed one, but its interior must
be cleaned of soil and inspected before being filled with concrete,
Steel Pile Foundation

• Capacities of individual timber piles lie in the range of 10 to 55

tons (9000 to 50,000 kg).

• Two forms of steel piles are used, H-piles and pipe piles. H-
piles are special hot-rolled, wide-flange sections, 8 to 14 inches
(200 to 355 mm) deep, which are approximately square in
cross section.
• H-piles displace relatively little soil during driving. This
minimizes the upward displacement of adjacent soil, called
heaving, that sometimes occurs when many piles are driven
close together. Heaving can be a particular problem on urban
sites, where it can lift adjacent buildings.

• H-piles can be brought to the site in any convenient lengths,

welded together as driving progresses to form any necessary
length of pile, and cut off.
 Mini-Piles Foundation
• Pipe piles are stiff and can carry loads from 40 to 300 tons (36,000
to 270,000 kg). They displace relatively large amounts of soil
• The larger sizes of pipe piles require a very heavy hammer for
driving.

• Mini-piles, also called pin piles or micro-piles, are a lightweight

form of steel piles made from steel bar or pipe 2 to 12 inches (50 to
300 mm) in diameter. Mini-piles are inserted into holes drilled in the
soil and grouted in place.

• When installed within existing buildings, they may also be forced

into the soil by hydraulic jacks pushing downward on the pile and
upward on the building structure.

• Since no hammering is required, they are a good choice for repair or

improvement of existing foundations where vibrations is not problem
Precast Concrete Pile Foundation

• Mini-piles can reach depths as great as 200 feet (60 m) and

have working capacities as great as 200 to 300 tons
• (180,000 to 270,000 kg).

• Precast concrete piles are square, octagonal, or round in

section. Most are pre-stressed, but some for smaller buildings
are merely reinforced

• Typical cross-sectional dimensions range from 10 to 16 inches

(250 to 400 mm) and bearing capacities from 45 to 500 tons
(40,000 to 450,000 kg).

• Advantages: high load capacity, an absence of corrosion and,

relative economy of cost.
• Precast piles must be handled carefully to avoid bending and
cracking before installation.
Porous Clays
(sandy)
Site Cast Concrete Pile Foundation

• A site-cast concrete pile is made by driving a hollow steel shell

into the ground and filling it with concrete.

• The shell is sometimes corrugated to increase its stiffness; if

the corrugations are circumferential, a heavy steel mandrel is
inserted in the shell during driving to protect the shell from
collapse, then withdrawn before concreting.

• Load capacities range from 45 to 150 tons (40,000 to 136,000

kg). The primary reason to use site-cast concrete piles is their
economy.
• There is a variety of proprietary site-cast concrete pile systems,
each with various advantages and disadvantages.
Cased Pile and Uncased Piles