Chemical Engineering Department

National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur

Fuels
And

Fuel Additive

Name: Shraddha Hire

Roll Id: 21BCH074
Table of Contents
• Alternative Fuels
Fossil Alternative Fuels
Renewable Alternative Fuels
• Aviation Fuels
• Fuel Additives
• Conclusion
• References
 Alternative Fuels
• They are obtained from sources
other than petroleum.
• Referred to as non-conventional
(renewable) and advanced fuels.
• Substances or materials that can be
used as fuels in place of traditional
fossil fuels like gasoline, and diesel.

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Reasons for using
alternative fuels
• Reducing Crude Oil Dependence
• Environmental and Health Benefits
• Economic and Industrial Factors[1,2]
Requirements for
alternative fuels
• Environmental Considerations
• Engine Compatibility[3,4]
Fossil alternative Fuel
1) Light (Gaseous) Hydrocarbon
• Alternative fuels include light hydrocarbons like methane,
propane, and propane-butane.
• Both CNG and LNG are grouped under the term “Natural gas” due
to methane being the primary component of natural gas.[5]

2) Propane-Butane Gas
• also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a type of gas
found alongside crude oil and natural gas.
• It consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons, with propane and n-
butane being its primary components.[6]
3) Oxygen-containing engine fuels and blending components
• It contains at least one oxygen atom in each molecule, along
with carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• Oxygen-containing compounds exhibit high octane and cetane
numbers.
• Example: Ethanol and ethers[7]
4)Hydrogen
Hydrogen as a fuel has gained increasing
attention as a clean and sustainable
energy carrier.
Production
• Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
• Water-Gas Shift Reaction
• Hydrogen Production from Alcohols[8]

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Renewable
alternative Fuel
• Biohydrogen
• Bioethanol
• Biogas
• Bio ethers
• Aviation Biofuels

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Biohydrogen
It is an advanced form of biofuel produced by using living biomass or organisms.
Bioethanol
It can be used as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, helping to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on finite fossil fuel resources.
Biogas
Anaerobic digestion of organic matter produces biogas, which typically consists of
methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). It is produced by Landfill Biogas, Crop
Residues, Animal Manure, and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).
Bioethers
It also known as fuel ethers or oxygenated fuels, are inexpensive substances used
to improve the octane rating of gasoline.
Aviation Biofuel
It is a type of biofuel used to power aircraft. It is sometimes referred to as
sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) [8].
Aviation Fuel
It is a specialized type of fuel specifically
designed for use in aircraft engines. [9]
Two main types of aviation fuels:
• Aviation Gasoline (Avgas)
• Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF)

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 Fuel Additive
• A fuel additive is a chemical compound or substance that is introduced into fuel, typically
petroleum-based fuels such as gasoline, diesel to enhance certain properties or improve
performance.
Ensuring “no harm” for fuel additives

Gasoline Fuel additives Diesel Fuel additives

• Deposit control additives • Cetane number improvers
• Friction modifiers • Cold fluid improver
• Corrosion inhibitor • Anti foam additives
• Conductivity Improvers • Stability Improver
• Markers and dyes
• Demulsifiers
Deposit control additive
• Purpose- To maintain the cleanliness of the engine's fuel system from the fuel tank to the
combustion chamber.

Friction modifiers
• The purpose of gasoline additives known as friction modifiers is to lessen the amount of
power lost in internal combustion engines due to friction.

corrosion inhibitor
• The purpose of a corrosion inhibitor is to prevent or mitigate corrosion, which is the
gradual deterioration of materials, often metals, due to chemical reactions with their
environment.[9]
Conductivity Improvers
• To enhance electrical conductivity, which helps improve the efficiency of fuel combustion
in internal combustion engines.

Markers and dye

• Added to fuels and lubricants to give them distinct colors or visual characteristics,
making it easy to differentiate between different grades, formulations.

Demulsifiers
• They facilitate the separation of water from oil in emulsions by destabilizing the interface
between the two phases, causing the water droplets to coalesce and settle out of the
mixture more rapidly.

Cetane number improvers

• Purpose-to enhance combustion quality and performance in diesel engines.
Higher cetane numbers promote quicker and more reliable ignition.[10]
Lubricity Improver
• To enhance the lubricating properties of fuels, particularly diesel fuel, which can help
protect fuel system components from wear and damage.

Anti foam additives

• Used to control and prevent the formation of foam in various liquids, including oils, fuels,
and industrial fluids.

Stability Improver
• Used in various products, including fuels and lubricants, to enhance their stability and
performance under different conditions.
Conclusion
• Understanding the comparative safety of these alternatives against standard fuels is
essential, as is the recognition of potential health impacts, including those from metal-
containing additives.
• Before approving a new fuel-additive combination, it's crucial to compare it with
standard fuels, considering both their combustion products and potential biological
effects.
• Whenever new fuel-additive combinations are introduced, it's important to conduct
studies to confirm or correct predictions made from experimental work.
References
• Hancsók, J. (2004). Fuels for Engines and JT Engines. Part III: Alternative Fuels, Veszprém University Press,
Veszprém.
• Mittelbach, M., Remschmidt, C., eds. (2004). Biodiesel. The Comprehensive Handbook. Mittelbach, Graz
• Knothe, G., van Gerpen, J., Krahl, J., eds. (2005). The Biodiesel Handbook. AOCS Press, Springer, New York.
• Hancsók, J., Kovács, F., eds. (2002). The Biodiesel. BME OMIKK, Budapest.
• Korakianitis, T., Namasiyavam, A. M., Crookes, R. J. (2011). Natural-gas fueled sparkignition (SI) and
compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions. Progr. Energy Combust. Sci., 37, 89–112. 160
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
• Häring, H.-W. (2008). Industrial Gases Processing. Wiley, Chichester.
• Tóth, Cs., Baladincz, P., Kovács, S., Hancsók, J. (2011). Producing clean diesel fuel by co-hydrogenation of
vegetable oil with gas oil. Clean Techn. Environ. Pol., 13, 581– 585
• Farrauto, R., Schäfer, A., Schwab, E., Urtel, H. (2011). Hydrocarbon reforming catalyst and new reactor
designs for compact hydrogen generators. Oil Gas Eur. Mag., 37 (1), 40–44.
• Gibbs L. M.;Gasoline Additives - When and Why", SAE Paper 902104,1990
• Taylor M. G. and Rossi F., “New Flow Improver Technology for Increased Refinery Economics of Distillate
Production”;, AFTP presentation, Paris, Nov. 1983
Thank You