Topics discussed:

• Introduction to history
• Origin of the Philippines
• Origin of the Filipinos
• Pre-colonial period in the Philippines
Introduction to
history
 HISTORY

• Old: greek word “iotopia”

meaning “to learn”
• New: learning past events
• History is the “knowledge
acquired through deep inquiry
or investigation.”
 Historians’ duty….

• to seek historical evidences and facts but also

to interpret these facts
• write about the lives of important individuals
like monarchs, heroes, wars, revolutions, and
other important breakthroughs.
• Traditional historians lived with the mantra or
practice of “no document, no history”
 KINDS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES:
• Oral traditions in forms of epics
and song;
• Artifacts;
• Architecture; and
• Memory or remnants of the
people before
 Historical Sources

• Primary Sources
• Secondary
• Tertiary sources
 1. PRIMARY SOURCES

• These are sources produced at the

same time as the event, period, or
subject being studied.
Examples: Theses, original artworks,
photographs, speeches, interviews,
autobiographies, diaries, music and
dance performances, eyewitness, original
documents, artifacts, breaking news
Rizal’s death in 1896
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
• These are sources that were produced by
an author who used primary sources to
produce the material or write-ups. They
summarize, interpret, or provide an
added value to a primary source.
Examples: academic books, biographies,
literary criticism, reviews of law and
legislation, edited works
• Published in 1956
by Teodoro
Agoncillo
 3. TERTIARY SOURCES
• These are sources that organize,
compile, or digest other sources. Its
purpose is to list, summarize or simply
repackage ideas or other information.
Examples: Dictionaries, encyclopedias,
almanacs, wikipedia, bibliographies,
guidebooks, other textbooks
 Historical errors:

1. Internal criticism
2. External criticism
 Internal criticism
• looks at the truthfulness and
factuality of the evidence by looking
at the:
- author of the source, its context, the
agenda behind the creation, the
knowledge which informed it, and its
intended purpose, among others.
 External criticism
• It is the practice of verifying the
authenticity of evidence by examining its
physical characteristics; consistency with
the historical characteristics of the time
when it was produced and the materials
used for the evidence.
• Examples: quality of the paper, the type of
the ink, and the language and words used
in the material
 Historical errors…
• Code of Kalantiaw proven to be a hoax
by American historian William Henry
Scott
• Ferdinand Marcos also claimed that he
was a decorated World War II soldier
who led a guerrilla unit called Ang
Maharlika
• You may watch other Philippine
History hoaxes in the documentary
“Greatest Hoaxes in Philippine
History on YouTube (
https://youtu.be/H1lShfwt930).