General

Chemistry 2
Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction
 Intermolecular forces:
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that
act between molecules or particles in the solid
or liquid states
This force holds the
molecules together
which can be attractive
or repulsive.
Intramolecular Intermolecular
forces hold atoms forces are attractive
together in a forces between
molecule. molecules.
These intermolecular
forces are accountable for
the properties of
substances. intermolecular
forces also explain why
substances exist as solids,
liquids, or gases at room
temperature.
Johannes Diderik van Der Waals
 was born on November 23,
1837 in Leyden, The
Netherlands.
 In his 1873 thesis, van der
Waals noted the non-ideality
of real gases and attributed
it to the existence
of intermolecular
interactions.
Intermolecular and Inter-ionic Forces of Attraction
Type of Interaction Interacting Particles
Dispersion All molecules (especially
nonpolar molecules
Dipole-dipole Polar molecules
Ion-dipole Ions and polar molecules
Ion-ion Ions (cations and anions)
Hydrogen bond N, O, or F bonded with H atom
4 Types of Intermolecular Forces (involving covalent
molecules)

1. Dipole-dipole
2. Ion-dipole
3. Dispersion forces
4. Hydrogen bond
The first three types are known as “Van der
Waals forces”. On the other hand,
hydrogen bond is a special type of
dipole-dipole interaction.
Ion-ion interaction Ion-ion interaction exists between oppositely
charged ions. It occurs between ionic compounds. Most ion-ion
interaction is strong and compounds which have them have high
melting and boiling points. Ions of like charges repel while
opposite charges attract. The compound orients itself in such a
way as to minimize repulsion. The strength of ion-ion interaction is
inversely proportional to the square of distance between the ions.
This is the strongest intermolecular force.
 Dipole-dipole forces
Dipole-dipole forces are
attractive forces existing
between polar molecules
(molecules that exhibit
dipole moment), such as
HCl.
Because there is
unequal sharing of
electron between H and
Cl atoms, partial positive
and partial negative
poles exist and are
referred to as a dipole.
The more electronegative atom becomes
partially negative and has most electron
density, whereas the least electronegative
becomes partially positive and has a lesser
electron density.
in a polar molecule, one side
of the molecule has a positive
electrical charge and the other
side has a negative electrical
charge.
 Classification of Bonds
You can determine the type of bond between two atoms by
calculating the difference in electronegativity values between the
elements
The bigger the electronegativity difference the more polar the bond.
Type of Bond Electronegativity Difference
Nonpolar Covalent 0  0.4
Polar Covalent 0.5  1.9
Ionic 2.0  4.0
Because poles of opposite
charges attract, the partial
negative end (i.e.,Cl atom) will
be attracted to the partial
positive end (i.e., H atom) of
another HCl molecule. This
force is weaker than ionic and
hydrogen bonds.
Ion-Dipole Forces
Exist in the attraction between a charged particle
called ion (which can be a positively charged
cation or a negatively charged anion) and a polar
molecule.
This exhibited in hydration, or the interaction of
water molecules with the cations and anions of
ionic compounds dissolved in water.
Dispersion Forces or London Forces
Are the weakest attractive force that are
formed due to the temporary dipoles induced
in non-polar molecules.
This force is also called induced-dipole-
induced-dipole attraction.
Inter-Ionic Forces
On the other
hand, inter-ionic
forces are forces
that hold ions
together.
Take for example, if there is an ion or a polar
molecule near an atom or non polar molecule,
there will be a distortion of the nonpolar
molecule due to the force exerted by the ion or
the polar molecule.
This distortion will result in temporary dipoles in
the nonpolar molecule which is called induced
dipole.
Induced dipole is the separation of the positive
and negative charges in a nonpolar molecule due
to its nearness of an ion or polar molecule.
On the other hand, when the induced dipole
is due to the the interaction between an ion
and non-polar molecule, the interaction is
called ion-induced dipole interaction.
When the induced dipole is due to the interaction
between a polar and nonpolar molecule, the
interaction is called dipole- induced dipole
interaction.
 Hydrogen Bond
A special type of dipole-
dipole interaction between
the hydrogen atom in a polar
molecule and the highly
electronegative atoms, N,
O,and F in another molecule.
The water molecule
is a very good
example of a
substance that
exhibits hydrogen
bonding.
H
The electronegative atoms, like OXYGEN,
cause the bond to be polar.
These atoms become slightly negatively
charged and the hydrogen atom becomes
slightly positively charged. Thus, a dipole
exists.
EXPLAIN:
melting points and boiling points of substances can be
used as indicators of strength of intermolecular forces
operating in given solids and liquids
Explain why melting points and boiling points of substances
can be used as indicators of strength of intermolecular
forces operating in given solids and liquids
When a solid melts, or a liquid boils, the particles move away from
each other. As they do, intermolecular forces of attraction are
broken. The stronger the intermolecular forces to be broken, the
larger the amount of energy needed to break them, hence, the
higher the melting point for solid to liquid transformation, and
boiling point for liquid to gas transformation