BBAU LUCKNOW

A PRESENTATION
ON
DNA MICROARRAY
Submitted By:
Rishabh Garg
M.Sc. Industrial
Microbiology
7895826925
 INTRODUCTION
 Definition: DNA microarrays are solid
supports, usually of glass or silicon, upon which
DNA is attached in an organized grid fashion. Each
spot of DNA, called a probe, represents a single
gene.
There are several synonyms of DNA
microarrays such as DNA chips, gene chips, DNA
arrays, gene arrays and biochips.
 DNA Microarrays are one of the most effective
invention ever developed. A DNA Microarray is a
test that allows for the comparison of thousands
of genes at once. Microarray technology uses
chips with attached DNA sequences as probes for
gene expression. Any DNA in the sample that is
complementary to a probe sequence will become
bound to the chip. Microarray technology is most
powerful when it used on species with a
sequenced genome. The microarray chip can hold
sequences from every gene in the entire genome
and the expression of every gene can be studied
simultaneously. Gene expression data can
provide information on the function of previously
uncharacterized genes.
 HISTORY
 Microarray technology evolved from Southern
blotting, where fragmented DNA is attached to a
substrate and then probed with a known DNA
sequence.
 The use of miniaturized microarrays for gene
expression profiling was first reported in 1995, and
a complete eukaryotic genome (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) on a microarray was published in 1997.
 PRINCIPLE
 The principle of DNA microarrays lies on the
hybridization between the nucleotide. Using
this technology the presence of one genomic or
cDNA sequence in 1,00,000 or more sequences
can be screened in a single hybridization.
 The property of complementary
nucleic acid sequences is to specifically pair
with each other by forming hydrogen bonds
between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
Chip Mechanisms
 TYPES
 There are 2 types of DNA Chips/Microarrays:

 cDNA Based Microarray

 Oligonucleotide Based Microarray
 cDNA Based Microarray- This type of chips are
prepared by using cDNA, it is called cDNA chips
or cDNA microarray or probe DNA. The cDNAs
are amplified by using PCR. Then these
immobilized on a solid support made up of nylon
filtre of glass slide (1 x 3 inches).

 Oligonucleotide Based- In oligonucleotide

microarrays, short DNA oligonucleotides are
spotted onto the array. The main feature of
oligonucleotide microarray is that each gene is
normally represented by more than one probe: the
ensemble of probes mapping to different regions of
the gene is usually called probe set. Commercial
oligonucleotide chips are available (e.g.
Affymetrix, Inc. GeneChip system)
 APPLICATIONS
 The DNA chips are used in many areas as given below:

 Gene expression profiling

 Discovery of drugs
 Diagnostics and genetic engineering
 Alternative splicing detection
 Proteomics
 Functional genomics
 DNA sequencing
 Toxicological research (Toxicogenomics)
 ADVANTAGES
 Provides data for thousands of genes.

 One experiment instead of many.

 Fast and easy to obtain results.

 Huge step closer to discovering cures for diseases and

cancer.

 Different parts of DNA can be used to study gene
expresion.
 DISADVANTAGES
• The biggest disadvantage of DNA chips is that they
are expensive to create.
• The production of too many results at a time
requires long time for analysis, which is quite
complex in nature.
• The DNA chips do not have very long shelf life,
which proves to be another major disadvantage of
the technology.
 REFERENCE
 http://www.highveld.com/molecular-biology
/oligonucleotide-microarrays.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microar
ray
 Lehninger, 2005, DNA Chips, Principle of
Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman and Company,
Newyork, forth Edition, Pg. 326- 328
 Presscot M. Lansing, 2002, DNA Chips, Microbiology,
Athenaeum Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear,
Britain, Fifth Edition, 353 – 354.
THANK YOU !