PRESENTATION

ON
GL ASS
SOLOMON THOMAS

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INTRODUCTION TO GLASS

When it comes to using of materials in interior designing,

glass plays a major role as it adds the required amount of
style and sophistication, and is a material that is very much
in trend and widely used in this industry.

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COMPOSITION OF GLASS
• Glass is a mixture of raw materials like Silica, sodium potassium carbonate, lime or
lead oxide, Manganese oxide which is ground, sieved (examine in order to test
suitability) and mixed in specific proportion and melted in furnace (basically oven).
• The varieties of glass differ widely in chemical composition and in physical qualities.
Most varieties, however, have certain qualities in common.
• Glasses are made from three main materials—sand (silicon dioxide, or
SiO2), limestone (calcium carbonate, or CaCO3), and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).
Fused silica itself is an excellent glass, but, as the melting point of sand (crystalline
silica) is above 1,700 °C (3,092 °F) and as it is very expensive to attain such high
temperatures, its uses are restricted to those in which its superior properties—chemical
inertness and the ability to withstand sudden changes of temperature—are so important
that the cost is justified.
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TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION
1. The Glasses From Its Appearance :
 Clear Glass: The glass that provides a clear view of both outside as well as inside.
 Tinted Glass: They are light colored glasses. Hence, depending upon the tinting,
the direct glare of sunlight can be dimmed or reduced.
 Frosted Glass: It blurs out the images but still transmits light. Therefore, a glass
used for visual privacy. It can be one side frosted or both side frosted.
 Reflective Glass: This type of glass has a mirror-like coating on its exterior
surface. It reflects heat and radiation from sunlight but still allows the natural light
to come in.
 Back Painted Glass : This is a unique use of glass that has been growing in
popularity in recent years. It is essentially exactly what it sounds like- glass that has
been painted on the back side. That way, from the front side, the glass is no longer
translucent, but instead a solid color.
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 TINTED GLASS
CLEAR GLASS

FROSTED BACK PAINTED GLASS

REFLECTIVE GLASS GLASS
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 FROSTED GLASS CAN BE DIVIDE INTO 3 TYPES

 Sandblasted Glass : Sandblast glass admits light while providing

softening and vision control .Sandblast glass is made by spraying and at
high velocities over the surface of the glass .This gives the glass a
translucent surface ,which is usually rougher than that obtained by
etching .During sandblasting ,only the areas that are to remain
transparent are masked for protection .The depth and degree of the
translucency of the sand-blasted finishing vary with the force and type of
and used.

 Satin Glass : Satin Glass is produced by the sandblasting or acid etching

of clear sheet glass. It has the effect of rendering the glass translucent by
scattering of light during transmission, thus blurring images while still
transmitting light.

 Acid Etched Glass : Acid etched glass is produced by acid etching the
glass to form an obscure and smooth surface. This glass admits light
while providing softening and vision control. It can be used in both
residential and commercial settings e.g. doors, shower screens, furniture,
wall paneling, etc. Now our innovated technology could make really nice
feeling acid etched glass. GLASS 6
• GLASS BLOCKS : Glass brick, also known as glass block, is an architectural element made from
glass. The appearance of glass blocks can vary in color, size, texture and form. Glass bricks provide
visual obscuration while admitting light.
• ETCHED GLASS : A kind of decorative glass, etched glass is the result of a series of small cuts
made to the glass, by acidic, caustic or abrasive substances, after the glass has been manufactured. The
cuts normally appear white against the glass and can be made into patterns or images.

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2. Know The Various Features Of Glasses :

● Toughened Glass: It is up to five times stronger than ordinary glass. If it breaks, it will
shatter into small pieces without any sharp edges hence, potential cuts and injuries can be
avoided. Even it facilitates for easier cleanup as one does not have to carefully pick up the
sharp pieces.
● Tempered Glass : These are extremely durable and ten times stronger than regular
glass. Even these glasses reduce the chances of injury that is caused by shattering. Moreover,
tempered glass is significantly cheaper when compared to laminated glass
● Laminated Glass: Laminated glass consists of two or more glass permanently bonded
together with one or multiple layers of polyvinyl butyral (PVB). It is used when safety is
paramount. As when broken, it prevents the glass from fragmenting and is held in place by
the interlayer. Though it produces a cracking pattern but keeps the layers of glasses bonded.
It’s the same glass that is used in car windscreens, walk on floors, shower cubicles and so on.
It is even used for sound insulation and can also withstand drastic changes in temperatures.
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TOUGHENED GLASS LAMINATED GLASS

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3. Glasses That Suits Various Interior Design Concepts - Glass Home Interiors :
• Energy Efficient Glass -The Eco-Friendly Glass For Eco-Friendly Homes : They prevent
heat from escaping in the winter and in summer obstructs heat from flowing in. Hence
minimizes the waste of energy and reduces the cost dramatically. They even decrease fading of
carpets, upholstery fabrics, any home decor accessories and protects them from losing their
qualities and colors.
• Patterned Glass Or Textured Glass : These glasses are also known as decorative glass and
have a wide range of patterns on it. It is basically used to diffuse rather than blocking an object
when viewing and is a popular choice for added privacy in a home or simply to add a decorative
touch to a room.
• Clear Glass : The glass that provides a clear view of both outside as well as inside can be used
as a glass wall, glass dividers, sliding glass for doors and large windows. Implementing the use
of clear glass smartly would give a home unique, spectacular and modern look that would
exhibit spaciousness and freshness.
• Acoustic Glass : The acoustic glass basically consists of two or more sheets of glass, that is
bonded together, where the interlayers act as a noise controller. It weakens the sound as it travels
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through the glass. And is considered the best option for homes constructed in crowded areas.10
 PATTERNED GLASS
OR TEXTURED GLASS

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• Float Glass : Float glass gets its name from the procedure of forming molten glass into large, flat panels. Throughout the process, molten
glass is floated on the molten tin, producing a flat sizeable narrow glass panel . It’s first a sheet of glass until it’s trimmed, treated, improved
and put to a framework — a starting material for the window. It’s cheap, colorless glass as a good starting point for that which will end up
quality windows, glass panels, and doors
• Obscured Glass : Obscured glass allow light to enter, but doesn’t permit people outside to see through. They come frosted, etched, coated or
designed so you cannot look over it and if you do it will look shadowy. It’s one reason why it’s the hottest kind of glass for bathroom windows,
shower doors and, entrance doors.
• Annealed Glass : The process of annealing is a slow careful and controlled procedure for cooling a panel of float glass. The objective of this
practice is to fortify the glass by cutting back on the stress caused by it by cooling it. Annealed glass isn’t the perfect pick for windows since
it’ll render shards and large sharp bits of glass if it’s broken.
• Insulated Glass : Insulated glass windows are optimized for energy efficiency. Maybe two or three panes of glass with argon in the spaces
between the panes. The glass panes within an insulated unit usually come tempered or laminated.An insulated glass unit also features a
desiccant component, ensuring condensation will not form between the panels, and you cannot wipe off. It’s terrific for exterior glass as it
helps you maintain the cooling and heating prices down.
• Low-e Glass : Low-e emissivity glass is specially formulated to reflect radiation. The low-e coating keeps infrared beams out, while light
filters through. Throughout the summer, the glass reflects the heat from your residence, and in winter, your indoor heating stays inside your
home and won’t escape through the windows. It reduces cooling and heating expenses. Low-e glass could be a pricey asset; however, the
savings in the future will be worth every penny.
• Wired Glass : t’s not necessarily a security glass, but it’s a fire-resistant glass. Hospitals, schools, and other industrial buildings use wired
glass. The power of the wires assembled into the panes will support the glass in the framework if it shatters under heat such as a building fire.
Also, it could withstand a burst of a firefighter’s hose without blowing off shards all over. While wired glassworks perfect for all industrial
uses, it’s not for residential homes.
• Heat-Strengthened Glass : To build heat-strengthened glass panels, the glass gets reheated above 1200 and cooled. It doesn’t chill as fast as
tempered glass, so it’s less reliable. Heat-strengthened glass remains robust, but it might still break and shatter into sharp pieces. It’s not used
for outside windows until it gets laminated. GLASS 12
 INSULATED GLASS WIRED GLASS

ANNEALED GLASS

FLOAT GLASS

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 OBSCURED GLASS
LOW-E GLASS
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 INSTALLATION OF GLASS

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhfwY9l8qw4 (GLASS TILES)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgV82FiqgBo (GLASS WINDOWS)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6Akr83DN9w (GLASS ROOF)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JV8nBPWWZD0 (SLIDING GLASS DOORS)

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ADVANTAGES OF USING GLASS IN INTERIOR DESIGN.

The glass that absorb, refracts or transmits light. It can be made transparent or translucent so it adds
extraordinary beauty to the building.
Glass transmits up to 80% of available natural day light in both directions without any yellowing,
clouding or weathering.
The glass is fully weather resistance so it can withstand the effects of the wind, rain, or the sun and can
retain its appearance and integrity.
Glass does not rust so it does not degrade gradually by chemical and surrounding environment effects.
Glass has a smooth glossy surface so it is dust proof and can be easily cleaned.
Glass allows natural light to enter the house even if doors/windows are closed so thus it saves energy
and also lowers the electricity bills, brightens up the room and brings out the beauty of the home, and
most importantly it boosts the mood of occupant.
It is an excellent insulator against electricity as is impossible to conduct an electric current under the
influence of an electric field.
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 Available in varieties of colors and when we combine the glass sheet in laminated or insulated units, they change in color and
appearance.
 It can be blown, drawn and pressed to any shape and hence it is used for general glazing purposes in building, shop
fronts, building doors and windows and workshops. It is also used for furniture after being laminated with plywood or metal
sheet.
 Glass provides an ideal way to showcase a product.
 It is also with a deep understanding of glass science and by using fusion draw manufacturing process to lead the display
industry with its superior liquid crystal display (LCD) glass that fueled the electronics gadget screen revolution.
 Glass is 100% recyclable and it does not degrade during the recycling process, hence it can be recycled again and again
without loss of quality or purity.
 The glass is UV stable, Since It is not attacked by ultraviolet radiation and hence cracks, discoloration or disintegration will
not occur.
 The glass is excellent abrasion resistant so it will resist surface wear caused by flat rubbing and contact with another material.
 The glass is stable over a wide range of temperature so it is used for fireplace glass, high-temperature light lenses, and wood
burning stoves, cooking tops and high-temperature areas where low expansion is needed.
 It is unaffected by noise, air, water and most of the acids hence discoloration, alteration in the degree of shine, softening,
swelling, the detachment of coatings and blistering will not occur. Glass also protects against outside barriers.
 Glass has the ability to make the structure look more stunning, sophisticated and adds beauty to the building. It is used to
achieve the architectural view for external decoration.
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 When used in the interiors, glass saves space.
Lead Glass :
• Lead glass is similar to soda-lime glass where lime is replaced by a larger part of lead oxide (PbO).
Lead glass typically contains 55–65 wt% SiO2,18–38 wt% of PbO, and 13–15 wt%
Na2OorK2O(Bauccio, 1994;Pfaender, 1996).
• Lead glass is usually used for decorative glassware. It is also included in special optical glasses for their
high refractive index.
• The networks in lead glass are more complete than those in soda-lime glass and thus they are stronger
and have less internal friction (Bloomfield, 2001).
• Lead oxide also makes the glass dense, hard, and X-ray absorbing, and therefore suitable for use in
radiation shielding
Aluminosilicate Glass :
• Aluminosilicate glasses are usually prepared from a ternary system with a typical composition 52–58 wt
% SiO2,15–25wt% ofAl2O3, and 4–18 wt% CaO (Bauccio, 1994). With low thermal expansion and
high softening temperature, this glass can tolerate high temperature better than soda-lime glass and is
used in thermometers, combustion tubes, cookware, halogen lamps, furnaces , and fiberglass insulation.

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
• Density :The density of glass is 2.5, which gives flat glass a mass of 2.5 kg per m2 per mm of
thickness, or 2500 kg per m3.
• Compressive strength : The compression strength of glass is extremely high: 1000 N/mm2 =
1000 MPa. This means that to shatter a 1 cm cube of glass, it requires a load of some 10 tonnes.
• Tensile strength : When glass is deflected, it has one face under compression and the other
in tension. Whilst the resistance of glass to compression stress is extremely high, its resistance
to tensile stress is significantly lower.
• Elasticity : Glass is a perfectly elastic material: it does not exhibit permanent deformation, until
breakage. However it is fragile, and will break without warning if subjected to excessive stress.

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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
• Transformation range : 520 - 550°C
• Temp & Softening temperature : approx. 600°C
• Contrary to solid bodies of crystalline structure, glass has no defined melting point. It continuously transforms from the
solid state to the viscous plastic state. The transition range is called the transformation range and according to DIN
52324 (ISO 7884), it lies between 520°C and 550°C. Tempering and bending require a temperature of a further 100°C.
• Specific Heat : 0.8 J/g/K
• The specific heat (in joules) defines the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of float glass by 1K. The
specific heat of glass increases slightly the temperature is increased up to the transformation range.
• Thermal conductivity : 0.8W/mK
• Thermal conductivity determines the amount of heat required to flow through the cross sectional area of the float glass
sample in unit time at a temperature gradient.
• Thermal expansion : 9.10-6 K-1
• There is a difference in the expansion behavior of a body under the effect of heat between linear expansion and
volumetric expansion. With solid bodies, the volumetric expansion is three times that of linear expansion. The
temperature coefficient of expansion for float glass is given according to DIN 52328 and ISO 7991.
• The main characteristics of glass are transparency, heat resistance, pressure and breakage resistance and chemical
resistance. GLASS 20
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS

• Glass has several strong points concerning optical properties:

- It can be produced in large and homogeneous panes
- Its optical properties are not affected by ageing
- It is produced with perfectly flat and parallel surfaces

• Refractive index n = 1.52

• If light from an optically less dense medium (air) meets an optically denser medium (glass), then the light
ray is split at the surface interfaces. The measure of deflection determines the refractive index. For float
glass, this refractive index is n=1.52.
• The main characteristics of glass are transparency, heat resistance, pressure and breakage resistance and
chemical resistance.

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 APPLICATION OF GLASS IN INTERIORS

• The extensive range of decorative glass can be used in interiors and

for furniture.
• Typical applications vary from wall cladding to shower screens,
doors (sliding or fixed doors for wardrobes and furniture, entrance
doors for buildings), partitions, mirrors, balustrades, floors and
ceilings. Depending on the desired application and current standards.
• Products can be laminated, toughened, fire-resistant or covered with
a safety film.
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 USES OF GLASS IN INTERIOR DESIGN

There are some materials that are versatile and may be used in different ways in interior design. Glass
is one such material.
• Roof
• Floor
• Canopy and Tent
• Pools
• Windows and Doors
• Elevator
• Stairs
• Partitions
• Furniture
• Wall Panels
• Banisters
• Parapets
• Decorative element GLASS 23
 GLASS IN ROOF GLASS DOORS
GLASS IN
FURNITURE

GLASS IN STAIRS GLASS IN FLOORING GLASS WINDOWS

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AND BANISTERS
 GLASS POOLS GLASS CANOPY

GLASS ELEVATORS

GLASS PARTITION GLASS GLASS IN TENTS 25

 PURPOSE OF USING GLASS IN INTERIOR
DESIGN

 Glass is an element that helps us to achieve this goal of creating an empty space. Its transparency
let's light through, giving us the feeling that space it is empty and spacious, transforming what
could be a dark and gloomy interior.
 It's the optimal solution for a room that receives too little light.

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DIFFERENT SIZES AND THICKNESS.

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MARKET RATES OF GLASS

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ANY QUESTIONS?

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WHAT IS A FLOAT GLASS?

• Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal,
typically tin, although lead and other various low-melting-point alloys were used in the past.
This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces. Modern windows are
made from float glass.
• Ordinary glass is emerald green, transparency is not high, it easy to occur deformation and
aging under rain. Clear float glass is dark green, smooth surface without ripples, perspective is
good, it has a certain toughness.

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HOW GLASS IS GOOD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

• When glass breaks down, it remains safe and stable, and releases no harmful chemicals into the
soil. So even when glass isn't recycled, it does minimal harm to the environment. ... Of course,
when it comes to recycling, glass is among the most recyclable materials on the planet – 100
percent recyclable
• glass is a more natural substance and requires less energy to manufacture and recycle

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
• Density : 2500 kg/m3
• A 4mm thick pane of glass weighs 10kg/m2

• Hardness : 470 HK
• The hardness of float glass is established according to Knoop.

• Compression resistance : 800 - 1000 MPa

• The compression strength defines the ability of a material to resist a load applied vertically to its surface

• Modulus of elasticity : 70 000 MPa

• The modulus of elasticity is either determined from the elastic elongation of a thin bar, or from bending a bar with a round
or rectangular cross section.

• Bending strength : 45 MPa

• The bending strength of a material is a measure of its resistance during deflection. It is determined by bending tests on glass
plate using the double ring method according to DIN EN 1288-5.
• The main characteristics of glass are transparency, heat resistance,
GLASS pressure and breakage resistance and chemical resistance.
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THANK YOU

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