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Leadership in

Organisations
Tutorial Five: Leadership Styles
Leadership Styles

A leadership style is like a typical behaviour – so this ties in with our


discussions around behavioural approaches to leadership (last week).

Different studies have slightly different names for these but generally,
the leadership styles are often separated into a continuum:

Authoritarian Participative Delegate

2
Activity:
In your team, please look at the leadership style and consider the following
questions – you will be asked to briefly feed back to the class:

1. Think about the leadership styles, can you explain what they mean?
2. What are advantages/disadvantages of these styles?
3. When are these appropriate and can you think of an example?
Using different styles of leadership
• Authoritarian:

 Sometimes called the autocratic style


 It is where leaders spell out the goals, deadlines and methods while making
decisions on their own without any or much consultation with others
 It is, however, a decisive way of leading and can suit high-risk, short-timescale
decisions - the kind that surgical teams and fire crews have to take
 Leaders who adopt this style can be seen by others as over-controlling and
dictatorial
Using different styles of leadership - continued
• Participative:

 Sometimes called the democratic style


 It is where the leader expresses his or her priorities and values in setting goals
and making decisions, but also takes part in the group's work and accepts
advice and suggestions from colleagues
 However, the leader makes the final decision
 This style can produce more creative problem solving and innovation than the
authoritarian approach so it makes sense to adopt it in competitive, non-
emergency situations
Using different styles of leadership - continued
• Delegate:

 Sometimes called the laissez-faire style


 Some may feel it is non-leadership
 This style means the leader hands over responsibility for results to the group.
He or she lets them set goals, decide on work methods, define individuals'
roles and set their own pace of work
 It is very much a hands-off approach
 It can work well provided the group shares the same overall intent and
direction as the leader and if he or she trusts all members of the group
 However, there is always a risk that individuals may become dissatisfied with
their roles or the group's goals and lose motivation
Watch the video of Netflix CEO Reed Hastings talk about ‘5
lessons learned’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH-Dq50Cz8Q

 What leadership style do you think is needed to deliver the


culture they want to create?
Leadership in
Organisations
Tutorial: Assessments – Comp 1
Assessment Component 1 (50%)
In his book Leadership in Organizations, Yukl (2013) conceptualises leadership by organisational
level. These levels can be viewed as a hierarchy as depicted below:

General Managerial Work Level (Yukl, 2013)


Functions
Chair, Board Director, Chief Organization Provide some
Executive Officer
examples of
Senior Manager Group ‘environmental
turbulence?
Supervisor/Team Leader/Line Dyadic
Manager

With reference to each of these leadership levels, consider an organisation you have knowledge of and
analyse how the leadership has responded to today’s turbulent environments.
In your answers, please provide a brief overview of the organisation you have chosen to provide context.
Submission by 23.59 on 26th April in Turnitin
Marking grid
DISTINCTION PASS FAIL

Presentation Effective style, neat legible Effective layout; neat legible Poor layout; untidy and difficult
presentation; correct spelling; presentation; occasional to read; much incorrect
grammar and punctuation spelling errors; grammar and spelling; poor grammar and
10% accurate; meaning clear and punctuation are mainly punctuation; meaning unclear;
fluid with an articulate accurate; meaning coherent language lacks fluency.
academic writing style. and mainly fluent writing style.
Referencing Inclusion of appropriate and Evidence of appropriate Literature either not consulted
current literature which is literature, which is accurately or is irrelevant to the case
accurately integrated into the integrated into the text; most study analysis; APA citation
text; all citations sources acknowledged; APA method very poorly and/or not
10% acknowledged; APA citation citation method used used.
method used consistently consistently.
Knowledge & Exceptionally good grasp of Demonstrates good knowledge Evidence that knowledge and
understanding/ related learning outcomes; and understanding of related understanding is incomplete or
application of subject evidence of learning very good learning outcomes; evidence of superficial; lack of ability to link
knowledge with clear; thorough and learning is good; case study and integrate knowledge from a
original critique of case study findings are clearly stated and range of areas into a holistic
findings; demonstrates demonstrates some ability to view of leadership; poorly
knowledge of an extensive link together knowledge from a developed critique of case
range of literature with the range of subject areas; some study.
40% ability to draw on sources of evidence of knowledge in
the subject and go beyond leading edge developments.
these to new knowledge and
understanding
Analysis Evidence of an outstanding Evidence of some critical Insufficient level of evidence of
level of critical reflection and reflection and analysis relevant critical
analysis relevant to to professional practice. reflection and analysis relevant
40% professional practice to professional practice.
To score well: (module handbook pps 8-9)
Presentation:
• The Presentation of the essay is worth 10% of the total mark. Please note the guidance
below to score well.
• Begin with a table of contents to provide a clear high-level overview of the essay
structure.
• Use the introduction to provide a summary of the question(s) you have been asked to
consider and provide a succinct summary of the forthcoming structure.
• Avoid long paragraphs with multiple arguments and discussions. Keep your writing
simple so that you can be understood by the reader and clearly label different sections
of your essay
• Finish with a conclusion that captures a summary of the main point within your essay
and directly answers the question(s) asked. There should be nothing new in the
conclusion.
• Check your spelling and basic grammar are correct. If in doubt ask a friend to read
your essay.
• Ensure you write no more than 2,200 words and no fewer than 1800 words.
To score well: (module handbook pps 8-9)
Referencing:
• The referencing within your essay is worth 10% of the total mark.
• This is an academic essay and you must consult academic text books to
support your explanations and discussions of key terms and concepts. E.g.
If you state that leadership has been researched for over one hundred
years’ then you must provide evidence that backs up this claim, using
intext citations (e.g. Northouse 2019).
• Please use the APA7th referencing style that is clearly described in the
guide that you can find on moodle.
• There is no maximum number of academic sources you can use for your
essay, but if you use none, then you will be failed.
To score well: (module handbook pps 8-9)
Knowledge and understanding: This area is worth 40% of the total essay mark,
so please take note of the following:
• Please consult academic textbooks to define and explain all the key terms in the
essay.
• Use intext citations to identify the source of your explanations, definitions,
assertions, discussions, arguments etc
• The important academic concepts for this essay are listed below and need
careful explaining and discussing using academic literature to demonstrate
your knowledge:

1. Yukl’s leadership matrix (e.g. what is it? What is its purpose? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of having a leadership matrix? Are there any limitations to its application
and use? Has any other academic considered a leadership matrix to analyse different levels of
leadership in an organisation? (see Howieson and Northouse e.g) If so, what similarities and
differences does it have?)

2. Environmental turbulence What is it? How is it defined? What explanations can you find
in the literature?
To score well: (module handbook pps 8-9)
Analysis -This area is worth 40% of the total essay mark,and assesses how well you have
answered the question.
The question asks you to consider an organisation you have knowledge of and consider how
leadership at the different levels has responded to environmental turbulence.

• Provide no more than a paragraph to provide context on the organisation you have chosen
• Describe the environmental turbulence. There are many examples you can consider e.g.
you might refer to rising inflation: Covid 19 or new environmental regulations – It’s
completely up to you
• You must have a paragraph on each of the three leadership levels in the question
(organisation; group and dyadic) and discuss how those three levels of leadership
responded to the environmental turbulence. It’s helpful to use each of the three leadership
levels as individual sub-section headings in your essay
• Finally, consider how effective/helpful the leadership matrix itself is when you apply it to
a real organisation responding to turbulence. You may like to list some of the weaknesses
and strengths of the theory. What do you think? Is it good / helpful or does it have
limitations? If so what are they?
• End with a succinct conclusion that summaries the main points in the essay and directly
A model answer might look like this:
Introduction (10% - 200 words). This is what I am going to tell you…
e.g. In this essay, I was asked to consider an organisation and analyse how leadership at different levels has
responded to today’s turbulent environments. The essay will be divided into the following sections:
An explanation of Yukl’s (2013) leadership matrix
An explanation of what is understood by market turbulence
A brief overview of the organisation selected for analysis & some context highlighting the turbulence the company
experienced.
The impact on the organisation
An analysis of the response

Body of Work (80% - 1600 words). This is what I am telling you…


Explain / define the leadership matrix & what is understood by market turbulence (400 words)
Describe the organisation (sector, overview etc), the turbulence experienced and the impact it had (400 words).
An analysis of the response (800 words)

Conclusion (10% - 200 words). This is what I have told you….


In summary… (nothing new).
Acid test: Should be able to understand fully from Introduction and Conclusion.
In Summary to score well:
(module handbook pps 8-9)
1. Presentation is important - clear structure, start, middle and an end. Headings,
introductions, summaries and conclusions.

2. Referencing is vital. It's an academic essay so must be grounded in academic and


practitioner literature. Don’t make claims without backing them up. Students who do not
consult the literature will be penalised. Use of APA7th Style required. Consistently.

3. Knowledge and understanding is demonstrated by providing evidence of reading. All key


terms and concepts should be defined, considered and explained clearly using the
literature. Examples where appropriate help to demonstrate the student's understanding

4. Problem solving / Analysis - Just answer the question - Can the student connect the
concepts and theories (i.e. leadership at different levels in an organisation) to practice and
and draw out a critical analysis?
m.mcgregor2@napier.ac.uk

Any Questions?

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