MULTIPERSPECTIVITY

CRY OF BALINTAWAK OR PUGADLAWIN

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/velez-college/readings-of-
philippine-history/readings-of-philippine-history-rph-lecture-
03/16716848/download/readings-of-philippine-history-rph-lecture-03.pdf

Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin”

(August 23, 1896)
This controversial version of the “Cry of the Pugad Lawin” has been
authorized by no other than Dr. Pio Valenzuela, who happened to be the
eyewitness himself of the event.
 In the first version, he told that the prime staging point
of the Cry was in Balintawak on Wednesday of August 26,
1986. He held this account when the happenings or events
are still vivid in his memory. On the other hand, later in his
life and with a fading memory, he wrote his Memoirs of the
Revolution without consulting the written documents of the
Philippine revolution and claimed that the “Cry” took place
at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
 THE “CRY OF BAHAY TORO”
(August 24, 1896)
This version of the “Cry” was written by Santiago Alvarez, a
well-known Katipunero from Cavite and a son of Mariano Alvarez.
Santiago is a relative of Gregoria de Jesus, who happened to be the
wife of Andres Bonifacio. Unlike the author of the first version
mentioned (Valenzuela), Santiago Alvarez is not an eyewitness of
this event. As a result, this version of him is not given of equal value
as compared with the other versions for authors of other accounts are
actually part of the historic event.
 GREGORIA DE JESUS’ VERSION OF THE
FIRST “CRY”
(August 25, 1986)
This version was written by no other than “Lakambini of the
Katipunan” and wife of Andres Bonifacio, Gregoria de Jesus. She has
been a participant of this event and became the keeper of the secret
documents of the Katipunan. After the Revolution in August 1896, she
lived with her parents in Caloocan then fled to Manila when she was told
that Spanish authorities wanted to arrest her. Eventually, she joined her
husband in the mountains and shared adversities with him. In her
account, the First “Cry” happened near Caloocan on August 25, 1896.
 THE “CRY OF BALINTAWAK”

(August 26, 1896)

this version is written by the Katipunan General
Guillermo Masangkay. He is an eyewitness of the historic
event and a childhood friend of Bonifacio. According to
him, the first rally of the Philippine Revolution happened on
August 26, 1896 at Balintawak. Correspondingly, date and
site presented were accepted by the preliminary years of
American government.
 The history of agrarian reform in the Philippines spans several
centuries and has undergone various phases, from Spanish colonial
rule to present-day initiatives. Here's an overview:

Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898):

1. During Spanish rule, vast agricultural lands were owned by Spanish
friars, wealthy families, and religious orders. The majority of the
population, consisting of farmers and peasants, were subjected to
forced labor and high rents.
2. The Spanish government implemented some land distribution
programs, such as the "encomienda system," where land grants were
given to Spanish conquistadors in exchange for their services.
However, this system often led to the exploitation of indigenous
American Period (1898-1946):
1.After the Spanish-American War of 1898, the
Philippines came under American rule. The American
colonial government introduced some land reforms,
including the Public Land Act of 1903, which aimed
to facilitate the sale and distribution of public lands.
2.However, these reforms were limited, and much of
the land remained concentrated in the hands of a few
wealthy landowners.
Post-World War II Era (1946-1965):
1. Following independence from the United States in 1946,
the Philippine government began to focus more on
agrarian reform. President Manuel Roxas initiated the
Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954, which aimed to
protect tenant farmers and regulate share-tenancy
arrangements.
2. Despite these efforts, progress in land redistribution
remained slow, and much of the agricultural land
remained concentrated in the hands of a few elite
families.
Marcos Era (1965-1986):
1.During the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos,
agrarian reform became a significant issue. In
1972, Marcos declared martial law and introduced
Presidential Decree No. 27, which aimed to
distribute land to tenant farmers. However, the
implementation of agrarian reform under Marcos
was marred by corruption, coercion, and human
rights abuses. Many farmers' groups protested
against the government's policies.
Post-Marcos Period (1986-Present):
1. After the ousting of Marcos in 1986, agrarian reform remained a priority for successive
Philippine governments. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was
enacted in 1988 under President Corazon Aquino. CARP aimed to distribute agricultural
lands to tenant farmers and promote social justice in rural areas. It included provisions
for land acquisition and distribution, support services for agrarian reform beneficiaries,
and the establishment of agrarian reform communities.
2. CARP faced challenges such as inadequate funding, resistance from landowners, and
legal hurdles. It was extended several times and underwent revisions, including the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER) in 2009.
3. Despite these efforts, significant portions of agricultural land remain undistributed, and
many farmers continue to struggle for land rights and social justice.
Overall, the history of agrarian reform in the Philippines reflects the
complex interplay of historical, political, and socioeconomic factors shaping
land ownership and agricultural development in the country.
Taxation during the Spanish period -
https://www.slideshare.net/CharlesCimafranca/spanish-era-t
axation

Agrarian Reform
https://www.slideshare.net/FayeMadrigal1/history-of-agrari
an-reform