Genetics

By Mam Laraib
The pea plant has Seven different variable
traits.
• Flower color is purple or white;
• Seed color is yellow or green;
• Flower position is axial or terminal;
• Pod shape is inflated or constricted;
• Stem length is long or short;
• Pod color is yellow or green; and
• Seed shape is round or wrinkled.
Mendel Experiments
Mendel worked on inheritance.
Inheritance is genetic qualities that transfer from parent to
offspring.
Mendel took pea plants with different characteristics
example-tall/short plants, white/violet flowers, etc.
A gene that expresses itself in the presence of its contrasting
gene in a hybrid is termed a dominant gene.
A recessive gene is that whose expression is suppressed in
the presence of a dominant gene e.g. in a hybrid (Tt) tall
plant, the t gene for dwarfness is recessive and T gene for
tallness is dominant.
Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross
• It is a cross in which only one character is considered at a time, e.g. in
a cross between a tall and dwarf plant, the size of the stem is
considered.
• Mendel made a cross between a pure tall (TT) and a pure dwarf (tt)
pea plant. He obtained all tall (hybrid) plants in the F1 generation.
• On self, these plants produced tall and dwarf in the ratio 3:1 The
genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 and the phenotypic ratio of 3:1 is termed the
monohybrid ratio.
• It is a single cross between two organisms of a species that is made to
study the inheritance of single pairs of genes or factors. Monohybrid
cross helps to study the principle of dominance given by Mendel.
Dihybrid Cross
• It is a cross between two individuals taking two contrasting traits at a
time. It helps to study the inheritance of two pairs of alleles.
• The genotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1 and the
phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 9:3:3:1
• This cross helps to study the principle of Independent assortment
given by Mendel.
• For example – the cross between pea plants having yellow wrinkled
seeds with those having green round seeds is a dihybrid cross.
Dihybrid Cross
Conclusion of Mendel Experiment
• After multiple crosses Mendel concludes the following points:
• Genes are transferred from parent to new generation in pairs known as
alleles.
• The genetic composition is known as genotype and the physical
appearance of any organism is known as phenotype.
• Genes are independent at the time of segregation.
• Genes have 2 pairs of alleles if both of them are the same known as
homozygous and of a difference then alleles are called heterozygous
alleles.
Mendel’s Law of Inheritance
Mendel’s Law of Segregation
Mendel’s Law Keypoints
• Mendel proposed 3 laws of inheritance after doing
observation from its different crosses on Pea Plant.
• Mendel’s third law i.e., the Law of Segregation states that at
the time of gametogenesis, both copies of gametes segregate
so that the offspring get one copy of each gene from both the
parents.
• Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment states that at the
time of gametes segregation, gametes segregate
independently.